BIO 250 FINAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ What is the goal of translation? Answer: Take in a message and
convert it to an amino acid to generate a polypeptide and eventually a
fully functioning protein; change from nucleotides (mRNA) to amino
acids (polypeptide)
◉ What is the central dogma? Answer: DNA —> RNA —> protein
◉ What translates mRNA into a string of amino acids? Answer:
Ribosomes
◉ True or false: prokaryotes (ie. bacteria) have introns. Answer: False
◉ Which proteins help export mRNA and help load mRNA onto
ribosome to facilitate the start of translation. Answer: - exon-junction
complex (added after splicing)
- cap-binding protein
- poly-A-binding protein
,◉ How many nucleotides are there and what are they? Answer: 4; A, T
(U), G, C
◉ How many amino acids are there? Answer: 20
◉ What are codons? Answer: Three letter nucleotides; mRNA
nucleotide triplets
◉ How many codons are there? Answer: 64
◉ What does the ratio between amino acids and codons imply? Answer:
Redundancy; multiple codons for the same amino acid
◉ What is an example of redundancy? Answer: Alanine has 4 different
colors.
◉ What is the start codon? Answer: AUG (methionine)
◉ What do stop codons do? Answer: Terminate translation
◉ What are the stop codons? Answer: UAA, UAG, UGA
◉ Ribosomes carry out? Answer: Polypeptide (protein) synthesis
, ◉ What are the ribosomal subunits? Answer: Large and small
◉ True or false: ribosomes are highly conserved across species. Answer:
True, they pretty much all do the same
◉ In eukaryotes, where are ribosomes found? Answer: Free in the
cytoplasm, bound to ER, outer nuclear membrane
◉ A complete ribosomes contains approximately how many proteins and
RNA molecules? Answer: 82 proteins, 4 RNA molecules
◉ When tRNA is bound to an amino acid, what is it called? Answer:
Aminoacetyl-tRNA
◉ Aminoacetyl-tRNA is charged and ready to form what? Answer:
Polypeptide bonds with other amino acids to build polypeptides; act as
translators
◉ The anticodon on tRNA can base pair with? Answer: A codon on
mRNA (complimentary)
◉ How is the amino acid attached to tRNA? Answer: Covalently
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ What is the goal of translation? Answer: Take in a message and
convert it to an amino acid to generate a polypeptide and eventually a
fully functioning protein; change from nucleotides (mRNA) to amino
acids (polypeptide)
◉ What is the central dogma? Answer: DNA —> RNA —> protein
◉ What translates mRNA into a string of amino acids? Answer:
Ribosomes
◉ True or false: prokaryotes (ie. bacteria) have introns. Answer: False
◉ Which proteins help export mRNA and help load mRNA onto
ribosome to facilitate the start of translation. Answer: - exon-junction
complex (added after splicing)
- cap-binding protein
- poly-A-binding protein
,◉ How many nucleotides are there and what are they? Answer: 4; A, T
(U), G, C
◉ How many amino acids are there? Answer: 20
◉ What are codons? Answer: Three letter nucleotides; mRNA
nucleotide triplets
◉ How many codons are there? Answer: 64
◉ What does the ratio between amino acids and codons imply? Answer:
Redundancy; multiple codons for the same amino acid
◉ What is an example of redundancy? Answer: Alanine has 4 different
colors.
◉ What is the start codon? Answer: AUG (methionine)
◉ What do stop codons do? Answer: Terminate translation
◉ What are the stop codons? Answer: UAA, UAG, UGA
◉ Ribosomes carry out? Answer: Polypeptide (protein) synthesis
, ◉ What are the ribosomal subunits? Answer: Large and small
◉ True or false: ribosomes are highly conserved across species. Answer:
True, they pretty much all do the same
◉ In eukaryotes, where are ribosomes found? Answer: Free in the
cytoplasm, bound to ER, outer nuclear membrane
◉ A complete ribosomes contains approximately how many proteins and
RNA molecules? Answer: 82 proteins, 4 RNA molecules
◉ When tRNA is bound to an amino acid, what is it called? Answer:
Aminoacetyl-tRNA
◉ Aminoacetyl-tRNA is charged and ready to form what? Answer:
Polypeptide bonds with other amino acids to build polypeptides; act as
translators
◉ The anticodon on tRNA can base pair with? Answer: A codon on
mRNA (complimentary)
◉ How is the amino acid attached to tRNA? Answer: Covalently
