Answer-
According to the given question-
Osmosis - is known as, a type of passive transport process, during which the movement of water
(solvent) occurs from the region having a high solvent concentration or low solute concentration towards
the region having a low solvent or concentration a high solute concentration across the semi-permeable
membrane.
Solutions can be divided into three types based on the concentration of the solute and solvent, such as-
(a) Isotonic solution: When we have two solutions having the same solute concentration as well as same
solvent concentration and are separated by a semi-permeable membrane, here the osmotic pressure
remains the same in both solutions on both sides of the semi-permeable membrane and there is no net
movement of water occurs across the semi-permeable membrane, and this solution is called an isotonic
solution.
2. Hypotonic solution: When we have two solutions, where one solution having a higher solvent
concentration and lower solute concentration compared to another solution, then the first solution is
called hypotonic with reference to the second solution, and in this condition, water moves from the first
solution, i.e. hypotonic solution to the second solution across the semi-permeable membrane.
3. Hypertonic solution - When we have two solutions, where one solution has a lower solvent
concentration and higher solute concentration compared to the other solution, then the first solution is
called hypertonic with reference to the second solution. and in this condition, water moved from the
second solution to the first solution, because the concentration of water is higher in the second solution
than the first solution, across the semi-permeable membrane.
When we place a cell in a hypotonic solution, then water enters the cell, and due to which the weight of
the cell increases and the cells swell, but when a cell is kept in a hypertonic solution, then the water
comes out from the cell, and due to which the weight of cell decreases and cells shrink.
Here we have a series of beakers containing different sucrose solutions and in each beaker, we have a
dialysis bag that is filled with different concentrations of sucrose, and the volume of water is equal in
each beaker.
So here the solute is sucrose, and the solvent is water, and the dialysis bag is a semipermeable membrane.
Now considering beaker only by one-
Beaker A - sucrose concentration in beaker = 0.6 M, sucrose concentration in dialysis bag = 0.4 M.
Here the concentration of sucrose in the dialysis bag is less than the sucrose concentration in the beaker,
so we can say that the solution present in the beaker is hypertonic to the solution present in the dialysis
bag, and due to which the water from the dialysis bag comes out to the beaker, and the weight of dialysis
bad decreases, and dialysis bag shrink.
Beaker B - sucrose concentration in beaker = 0.3 M, sucrose concentration in dialysis bag = 0.3 M.
,Here the concentration of sucrose in the dialysis bag is equal to the sucrose concentration in the beaker,
so we can say that the solution present in the beaker is isotonic to the solution present in the dialysis bag,
and due to which there is no net movement of water takes place between the dialysis bag and beaker, and
the weight of dialysis bag remain same.
Beaker C - sucrose concentration in beaker = 0.1 M, sucrose concentration in dialysis bag = 0.4 M.
Here the concentration of sucrose in the dialysis bag is more than the sucrose concentration in the beaker,
so we can say that the solution present in the beaker is hypotonic to the solution present in the dialysis
bag, and due to which the water comes into the dialysis bag from the beaker, and the weight of dialysis
bad increases, and dialysis bag swell.
Beaker D - sucrose concentration in beaker = 0.05 M, sucrose concentration in dialysis bag = 0.1 M.
Here the concentration of sucrose in the dialysis bag is more than the sucrose concentration in the beaker,
so we can say that the solution present in the beaker is hypotonic to the solution present in the dialysis
bag, and due to which the water comes into the dialysis bag from the beaker, and the weight of dialysis
bad increases, and dialysis bag swell.
Blank # 1 - Shrink, hypertonic
Blank # 2 - Unchanged, Isotonic
Blank # 3 - swell, hypotonic
Blank # 4 - swell, hypotonic
Blank # 5 - Order of weight - form lightest to heaviest - A < B < D < C.
,Answer-
According to the given question-
Enzyme – are biocatalysts, found in living organisms, responsible for regulating the rate of chemical
reactions without itself being used in the reactions. Several biological processes in living organisms are
regulated by enzymes.
The activity of an enzyme is affected by several factors such as – temperature of the medium, pH of the
medium, and concentration of substrate and enzymes. Each enzymes work at specific temperature and pH
ranges, and due to suboptimal conditions, the enzyme lose its ability to binding with a particular substrate
and due to which the reaction rate is affected.
Here we have different enzyme activity at different pH, such as-
Enzyme activity pH
, 24.8 7.2
33.0 7.6
66.7 8.0
56.2 8.6
41.3 8.8
27.5 9.0
From the table, we can observe that the increasing the pH of the medium the enzyme activity is
increased because the shape of the enzyme, as well as its active site, is changed due to folding of the
enzyme, and due to which more substrate is able to bind with the enzyme active site, and therefore the
enzyme activity is increased and become maximum at pH 8.0, which means that at pH 8. 0 the enzyme
achieves its maximum folded state or native three-dimensional structure and active site of an enzyme is
occupied by the maximum number of the substrate, and we get a maximum activity (66.7). but beyond
the pH 8.0, the shape of the enzyme, as well as the shape of the active site again changes and either
enzyme get denatured due to loss of shape or its three-dimensional native conformation or due to less
number of the substrate are able to bind with the active site of enzymes, and we get a low enzyme activity
at higher pH for this particular enzyme.
According to the given question-
Complete oxidation of glucose in series of enzymatic reactions under aerobic conditions produced about
30 – 32 ATP. Glycolysis takes place in cell cytosol and does not needed molecular O 2, produces a small
amount of ATP, and a 3-carbon compound known as pyruvate. Under the aerobic condition, pyruvate is
transported from cell cytosol to mitochondria, where it undergoes oxidative decarboxylation into CO 2. In
a process known as chemiosmotic coupling, the oxidation of pyruvate leads to the production of a large
amount of ATP inside the mitochondria when glucose is converted into CO2.
During Glycolysis, in the cell cytosol, a glucose molecule is catalyzed with the help of 10 enzyme-
catalyzed reactions and produces two molecules of pyruvate and also produced 4 ATP while 2 ATP
molecules are consumed during phosphorylation step in glycolysis. Inside the mitochondrial
matrixPyruvate reacts with coenzyme A, and converted into Acetyl CoA with the help of enzyme
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, as well as also leads to the production of NADH and CO 2. Acetyl CoA
According to the given question-
Osmosis - is known as, a type of passive transport process, during which the movement of water
(solvent) occurs from the region having a high solvent concentration or low solute concentration towards
the region having a low solvent or concentration a high solute concentration across the semi-permeable
membrane.
Solutions can be divided into three types based on the concentration of the solute and solvent, such as-
(a) Isotonic solution: When we have two solutions having the same solute concentration as well as same
solvent concentration and are separated by a semi-permeable membrane, here the osmotic pressure
remains the same in both solutions on both sides of the semi-permeable membrane and there is no net
movement of water occurs across the semi-permeable membrane, and this solution is called an isotonic
solution.
2. Hypotonic solution: When we have two solutions, where one solution having a higher solvent
concentration and lower solute concentration compared to another solution, then the first solution is
called hypotonic with reference to the second solution, and in this condition, water moves from the first
solution, i.e. hypotonic solution to the second solution across the semi-permeable membrane.
3. Hypertonic solution - When we have two solutions, where one solution has a lower solvent
concentration and higher solute concentration compared to the other solution, then the first solution is
called hypertonic with reference to the second solution. and in this condition, water moved from the
second solution to the first solution, because the concentration of water is higher in the second solution
than the first solution, across the semi-permeable membrane.
When we place a cell in a hypotonic solution, then water enters the cell, and due to which the weight of
the cell increases and the cells swell, but when a cell is kept in a hypertonic solution, then the water
comes out from the cell, and due to which the weight of cell decreases and cells shrink.
Here we have a series of beakers containing different sucrose solutions and in each beaker, we have a
dialysis bag that is filled with different concentrations of sucrose, and the volume of water is equal in
each beaker.
So here the solute is sucrose, and the solvent is water, and the dialysis bag is a semipermeable membrane.
Now considering beaker only by one-
Beaker A - sucrose concentration in beaker = 0.6 M, sucrose concentration in dialysis bag = 0.4 M.
Here the concentration of sucrose in the dialysis bag is less than the sucrose concentration in the beaker,
so we can say that the solution present in the beaker is hypertonic to the solution present in the dialysis
bag, and due to which the water from the dialysis bag comes out to the beaker, and the weight of dialysis
bad decreases, and dialysis bag shrink.
Beaker B - sucrose concentration in beaker = 0.3 M, sucrose concentration in dialysis bag = 0.3 M.
,Here the concentration of sucrose in the dialysis bag is equal to the sucrose concentration in the beaker,
so we can say that the solution present in the beaker is isotonic to the solution present in the dialysis bag,
and due to which there is no net movement of water takes place between the dialysis bag and beaker, and
the weight of dialysis bag remain same.
Beaker C - sucrose concentration in beaker = 0.1 M, sucrose concentration in dialysis bag = 0.4 M.
Here the concentration of sucrose in the dialysis bag is more than the sucrose concentration in the beaker,
so we can say that the solution present in the beaker is hypotonic to the solution present in the dialysis
bag, and due to which the water comes into the dialysis bag from the beaker, and the weight of dialysis
bad increases, and dialysis bag swell.
Beaker D - sucrose concentration in beaker = 0.05 M, sucrose concentration in dialysis bag = 0.1 M.
Here the concentration of sucrose in the dialysis bag is more than the sucrose concentration in the beaker,
so we can say that the solution present in the beaker is hypotonic to the solution present in the dialysis
bag, and due to which the water comes into the dialysis bag from the beaker, and the weight of dialysis
bad increases, and dialysis bag swell.
Blank # 1 - Shrink, hypertonic
Blank # 2 - Unchanged, Isotonic
Blank # 3 - swell, hypotonic
Blank # 4 - swell, hypotonic
Blank # 5 - Order of weight - form lightest to heaviest - A < B < D < C.
,Answer-
According to the given question-
Enzyme – are biocatalysts, found in living organisms, responsible for regulating the rate of chemical
reactions without itself being used in the reactions. Several biological processes in living organisms are
regulated by enzymes.
The activity of an enzyme is affected by several factors such as – temperature of the medium, pH of the
medium, and concentration of substrate and enzymes. Each enzymes work at specific temperature and pH
ranges, and due to suboptimal conditions, the enzyme lose its ability to binding with a particular substrate
and due to which the reaction rate is affected.
Here we have different enzyme activity at different pH, such as-
Enzyme activity pH
, 24.8 7.2
33.0 7.6
66.7 8.0
56.2 8.6
41.3 8.8
27.5 9.0
From the table, we can observe that the increasing the pH of the medium the enzyme activity is
increased because the shape of the enzyme, as well as its active site, is changed due to folding of the
enzyme, and due to which more substrate is able to bind with the enzyme active site, and therefore the
enzyme activity is increased and become maximum at pH 8.0, which means that at pH 8. 0 the enzyme
achieves its maximum folded state or native three-dimensional structure and active site of an enzyme is
occupied by the maximum number of the substrate, and we get a maximum activity (66.7). but beyond
the pH 8.0, the shape of the enzyme, as well as the shape of the active site again changes and either
enzyme get denatured due to loss of shape or its three-dimensional native conformation or due to less
number of the substrate are able to bind with the active site of enzymes, and we get a low enzyme activity
at higher pH for this particular enzyme.
According to the given question-
Complete oxidation of glucose in series of enzymatic reactions under aerobic conditions produced about
30 – 32 ATP. Glycolysis takes place in cell cytosol and does not needed molecular O 2, produces a small
amount of ATP, and a 3-carbon compound known as pyruvate. Under the aerobic condition, pyruvate is
transported from cell cytosol to mitochondria, where it undergoes oxidative decarboxylation into CO 2. In
a process known as chemiosmotic coupling, the oxidation of pyruvate leads to the production of a large
amount of ATP inside the mitochondria when glucose is converted into CO2.
During Glycolysis, in the cell cytosol, a glucose molecule is catalyzed with the help of 10 enzyme-
catalyzed reactions and produces two molecules of pyruvate and also produced 4 ATP while 2 ATP
molecules are consumed during phosphorylation step in glycolysis. Inside the mitochondrial
matrixPyruvate reacts with coenzyme A, and converted into Acetyl CoA with the help of enzyme
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, as well as also leads to the production of NADH and CO 2. Acetyl CoA
