EXAMINATION TEST 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Pavlovian (classical) conditioning. Answer: Associative learning
where the pairing of a conditioned and unconditioned stimulus to
produce a unconditioned response can lead to a conditioned response in
the presence of the unconditioned stimulus alone.
◉ Thorndike's Law of Effect. Answer: responses that produce a
satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur
again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect
become less likely to occur again in that situation
◉ Watson's Little Albert Experiment. Answer: Controversial classical
conditioning experiment on an infant boy called "Little Albert." Watson
was interested in examining the effects of conditioning on the fear
response in humans
◉ B.F. Skinner. Answer: Behaviorist that developed the theory of
operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats
, ◉ Ian Dunbar. Answer: Founder of APDT and promoted positive dog
training
◉ Karen Pryor. Answer: Animal trainer and scientist who published
"Don't Shoot the Dog" explaining the application of operant
conditioning
◉ Reinforcement. Answer: in operant conditioning, any event that
strengthens the behavior it follows
◉ Stimulus. Answer: any event or situation that evokes a response
◉ primary reinforcer. Answer: any reinforcer that is naturally
reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or
touch
◉ secondary reinforcer. Answer: any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing
after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or
gold stars
◉ schedules of reinforcement. Answer: different patterns of frequency
and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior
◉ Eustress. Answer: positive stress or emotional state