BSC 2086 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

BSC 2086 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Layers of blood vessels - Answers tunica intima: OUTERMOST tunica media: MIDDLE & THICKEST tunica externa: INNER, ENDOTHELIUM LINING COMPARISON BETWEEN VEINS AND ARTERIES - Answers ARTERIES: THICKER, HBP, MORE ELASTIC, NO VALVES, CONTRACTS, SMALL & ROUND, LESS BLOOD VEINS: THINNER, LBP, LESS ELASTIC, HAS VALVES, DOESN'T CONTRACT, LARGE & FLAT, MOST OF BLOOD IN VEINS. VEINS & ARTERIES RUN SIDE BY SIDE. CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD VESSELS - Answers Function of venous valves - Answers prevent backflow of blood, pushes blood towards heart, folds tunica intima Potential complications of an aneurysm - Answers Brain: stroke Aorta: fatal bleeding Small arteriole to organ: organ damage or failure re-bleeding vasospasm: brain blood vessels narrow blood distribution - Answers *60-70% in systemic veins *10-12% in systemic arteries *10-12% in pulmonary circuit *8-11% in heart *4-5% in capillaries 30-35%- HEART, ARTERIES, CAP 60-65%- VENOUS SYSTEM 1/3 VENOUS BLOOD: LIVER, BONE MARROW, SKIN Complications of atherosclerosis - Answers Aneurysms, ischemia, infarcts, peripheral vascular disease, thrombus, emboli, HEART ATTACK, KIDNEY DISEASE COMPARATIVE SIZE OF DIFFERENT VESSELS - Answers VEIN: THIN, LARGE, VALVES ARTERY: THICK, SMALL, NO VALVES CAPILLARY: SINGLE LAYER CELL, VERY SMALL, NO VALVES Definition of resistance - Answers Force that opposes movement to blood flow. function of lymphocytes - Answers Identify, attack, and develop immunity function of lymphatic system - Answers to produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes. 3 main functions: fluid recovery, immunity, and liquid absorption lymphatic drainage - Answers Tissue (intercellular spaces) - lymphatic capillaries - large lymphatic vessels - lymphatic ducts - venous system. lumbar arteries - lateral aortic node iliac path- deep circumflex iliac artery- external iliac nodes thoracic duct drains - Answers receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities, larger and longer. Drains everything else into junction of left subclavian and internal jugular veins Lymphocytes mechanism of action - Answers Lymphocytes are the cells responsible for the body's ability to distinguish and react... Through receptor molecules on their surfaces, lymphocytes are able to bind antigens and help remove them from the body. Production of immunoglobulins - Answers Integral proteins in plasma membranes of basophils & mast cells Plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies(immunoglobulin proteins) When Immunoglobulins(Antibodies) bind to its specific target antigen it initiates antibody-mediated immunity(a chain of events that destroys the target compound or organism). Location of lymphatic vessels - Answers -widely distributed throughout body -run alongside blood vessels within loose CT identification of lymph node structures - Answers triggering inflammatory process: (redness, pain, swelling, heat) - Answers Inflammation triggered by any stimulus that kills cells or injures tissue. Occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, etc . damaged cells release toxins Development of macrophages - Answers From monocytes that have emigrated from the bloodstream The inflammatory process results - Answers It can cause redness and warmth. Some of the chemicals cause fluid to leak into your tissues, resulting in swelling. histology of respiratory epithelium - Answers There are four main histological layers within the respiratory system: respiratory mucosa, which includes epithelium and supporting lamina propria, submucosa, cartilage and/or muscular layer and adventitia. upper respiratory tract - Answers consists of the nose, sinus, throat, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea. upper most section, air, above lungs, air to bottom of respiratory tract, flu, common cold lower respiratory tract - Answers larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, bronchioles, alveoli. Simple squamous, air & gas exchange, pneumonia, tuberculosis defense system in respiratory tract - Answers filtration mechanisms, removes particles and pathogens, produce mucus, cilia sweep debris, alveolar macrophages engulf small particles that reach lungs vocal folds location - Answers larynx cartilages of respiratory system - Answers thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, tracheal has 15-20 cartilages identification of upper airway structures and functions - Answers The upper airway not only provides a passage for air to be breathed in and out of the lungs, but it also heats, humidifies and filters the air and is involved in cough, swallowing and speech. (See pic) Air passage order through different components of the respiratory system - Answers See Pic Mechanism of gas exchange - Answers -Diffusion: high pCO2 and low pO2 in deoxygenated blood; opposite in lungs -Gradient passively drives gas exchange Substantial differences in partial pressure across the respiratory membrane Distances are short O2 and CO2 are lipid soluble Total surface area is large Blood flow and airflow are coordinated Gas Exchange Occurs between blood and alveolar air Across the respiratory membrane Depends on: Partial pressures of the gases Diffusion of molecules between gas and liquid (see pic) Reaction of asthma - Answers swollen lining, excess mucus, muscle tightens Relationship between intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure during different stages: - Answers In relaxed breathing, the difference between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure is small About 1 mm Hg on inhalation or 1 mm Hg on exhalation Inspiration: drops, expands Expiration: rises, contracts (see pic) Muscles of breathing - Answers diaphragm, external intercostals, internal intercostals Breathing during exercise - Answers Muscles contract, increase in demand for exercise, increase in rate of respiration, breathing quickens, aerobic respiration Definition of Pneumothorax - Answers presence of air within the pleural space resulting in partial or complete collapse of the lung Capacities of lungs - Answers V- Vital(VC): Amount of Air in and exhaled with max effort, deepest possible breath 4700 ml I- Inspiratory(IC): Max amount of air inhaled 3500 ml F- Functional Residual (FRC): Remaining air 2500 ml T- Total lung (TLC): Max of air in lungs 6000 ml Mechanism of volume - Answers Tidal volume (TV): Amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle during quiet breathing 500 mL Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):inhaled with maximum effort 3000 ml