BSC 2086 LECTURE EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026

BSC 2086 LECTURE EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026 Ingestion - Answers Taking food and liquid into the mouth Digestion - Answers Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into absorbable molecules Absorption - Answers Movement of nutrients from digestive tract into blood or lymph Secretion - Answers Release of substances (enzymes, acid, mucus, bile) into digestive tract Monomer of carbohydrates - Answers Monosaccharides Monomer of proteins - Answers Amino acids Monomer of lipids - Answers Fatty acids and monoglycerides Monomer of nucleic acids - Answers Nucleotides Accessory organs of digestion - Answers Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas Function of liver (digestive) - Answers Produces bile; metabolism and detoxification Function of gallbladder - Answers Stores and concentrates bile Function of pancreas (digestive) - Answers Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate Mucosa - Answers Secretion, absorption, protection Submucosa - Answers Blood vessels, glands, nerves Muscularis externa - Answers Peristalsis and segmentation Serosa - Answers Outer protective covering Surface of tongue - Answers Mostly non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Location of taste buds - Answers In papillae (fungiform, foliate, circumvallate) Intrinsic salivary glands - Answers Small glands in oral mucosa Extrinsic salivary glands - Answers Parotid, submandibular, sublingual glands Sphincter that prevents heartburn - Answers Lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter Number of teeth in child - Answers 20 Number of teeth in adult - Answers 32 Where carbohydrate digestion begins - Answers Mouth Where protein digestion begins - Answers Stomach Gastric rugae - Answers Folds that allow stomach expansion Pyloric sphincter - Answers Controls passage of chyme into duodenum Pepsinogen - Answers Inactive enzyme from chief cells What activates pepsinogen - Answers HCl from parietal cells Functions of stomach - Answers Storage, protein digestion, acid sterilization, chyme formation Phases of gastric secretion - Answers Cephalic, gastric, intestinal Hepatic triad - Answers Hepatic artery branch, hepatic portal vein branch, bile duct Where excess glucose is stored - Answers Liver and skeletal muscle as glycogen Hormone that stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion - Answers Cholecystokinin (CCK) Fat droplets - Answers Large lipid masses Micelles - Answers Small lipid transport clusters for absorption Chylomicrons - Answers Lipoproteins that transport absorbed fats through lymph Where most absorption occurs - Answers Small intestine (jejunum) Cecum - Answers Beginning of large intestine Taeniae coli - Answers Longitudinal muscle bands Haustra - Answers Pouches in colon Appendix - Answers Lymphoid organ attached to cecum GALT - Answers Gut-associated lymphoid tissue in intestinal mucosa What stimulates defecation - Answers Rectal stretch reflex Insulin (appetite role) - Answers Promotes satiety CCK (appetite role) - Answers Reduces appetite Peptide YY - Answers Decreases hunger after meals Leptin - Answers Long-term appetite suppression from fat cells Calories per gram carbohydrate - Answers 4 kcal Calories per gram protein - Answers 4 kcal Calories per gram fat - Answers 9 kcal Storage form of carbohydrates - Answers Glycogen Functions of lipids - Answers Energy storage, insulation, membranes, hormones, protection "Bad" cholesterol - Answers LDL Where HDL is made - Answers Liver and small intestine Where most protein stored in body - Answers Skeletal muscle Negative nitrogen balance - Answers Nitrogen loss exceeds intake Who has negative nitrogen balance - Answers Starvation, trauma, infection Complete protein - Answers Contains all essential amino acids Incomplete protein - Answers Missing one or more essential amino acids Most common vitamin deficiency worldwide - Answers Iron deficiency Fat-soluble vitamins - Answers A, D, E, K Water-soluble vitamins - Answers B-complex, C Glycolysis location - Answers Cytoplasm Products of glycolysis - Answers 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP (net), NADH Glycogenesis - Answers Glucose to glycogen Glycogenolysis - Answers Glycogen to glucose Gluconeogenesis - Answers Glucose from non-carbohydrates Glycolysis - Answers Glucose breakdown ATP from aerobic respiration - Answers ~32 ATP ATP from anaerobic respiration - Answers 2 ATP Final product of aerobic respiration - Answers CO₂ Most body fat stored as - Answers Triglycerides Functions of liver - Answers Metabolism, detoxification, bile production, storage, plasma protein synthesis Transamination - Answers Transfer of amino group Deamination - Answers Removal of amino group Amination - Answers Addition of amino group Factors that increase metabolic rate - Answers Exercise, fever, thyroid hormone, stress, growth Recommended carb percentage - Answers 45-65% Recommended protein percentage - Answers 10-35% Recommended fat percentage - Answers 20-35% Radiation - Answers Heat loss via infrared waves Conduction - Answers Heat transfer by contact Convection - Answers Heat transfer by moving air/fluid Primary source of body heat - Answers Nutrient oxidation Functions of blood - Answers Transport, regulation, protection Normal hematocrit (female) - Answers ~37-47% Normal hemoglobin (female) - Answers 12-16 g/dL Plasma components - Answers Water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, wastes Major plasma protein - Answers Albumin Function of albumin - Answers Maintains osmotic pressure Plasma vs serum - Answers Serum lacks clotting factors Causes of edema - Answers Low plasma protein, high capillary pressure, lymph blockage, inflammation What determines blood viscosity - Answers Hematocrit and plasma proteins Role of heme - Answers Binds oxygen Where RBCs are destroyed - Answers Spleen and liver