CBIC FINAL PAPER 2026 COMPLETE ANSWERS
VERIFIED
◉ Define active, passive, natural, and artificial immunity. Answer:
Active immunity occurs when antibodies are created in response to
an antigen; passive immunity occurs when the fetus gets immunity
from the mother in utero or rom t e injection of an immune globulin.
Natural immunity occurs when the person develops antibodies to an
infection because they have been infected with it; and artificial
immunity is acquired when the person has received an
immunization against the infection.
◉ Define indirect contact transmission. Answer: the mode of
transmission in which the host has contact with a contaminated
inanimate object.
◉ Describe intermediate-level disinfection.. Answer: a disinfection
process that, in contrast to high-level disinfection, deactivates
vegetative bacteria, most fungi, mycobacteria, and most viruses, but
not bacterial spores.
◉ Describe low-level disinfection.. Answer: a disinfection process
that deactivates most vegetative bacteria, some fungi, and some
viruses, but not resistant microorganisms (such as spores and
mycobacteria).
,◉ What are mechanical indicators?. Answer: sterilization devices
like a gauge or meter that indicate, or display, the time, temperature
and/or pressure during the sterilization process.
◉ Define medical regulated waste and give examples.. Answer: bio-
hazardous waste that can cause infection without proper handling
and disposal. Some examples of medical regulated waste include
blood-soaked materials and sharp objects that have been used for
surgery or another invasive procedure.
◉ Define noncritical medical devices and give examples.. Answer:
medical items that pose the least amount of risk in terms of infection
transmission when contrasted with critical medical devices. Some
examples of noncritical medical devices include blood pressure cuffs
and environmental surfaces such as floors and countertops.
◉ What is an occupational exposure?. Answer: the exposure of a
healthcare worker to an infectious organism that occurs during the
course of work.
◉ What are opportunistic infections?. Answer: Infections caused by
a microorganism that does not ordinarily cause disease but is
capable of doing so, under certain host conditions. Some of these
conditions include HIV infection and other immunosuppressive
diseases and disorders.
,◉ What is a particulate respirator?. Answer: a respirator that is used
to protect healthcare workers from airborne pathogens such as
tuberculosis. NIOSH approved respirators are custom fitted, fit
tested and maintained by the employer.
◉ Define prevalence.. Answer: the number of new and existing
disease cases among members of a population during a given period
of time.
◉ What are prions?. Answer: protein particles without nucleic acid
that can lead to a number of neurological diseases like Creutzfeldt-
Jakob disease and Scrapie.
◉ Define semi-critical medical devices.. Answer: medical devices or
instruments that come into contact with mucous membranes, but do
not enter internal areas of the body.
◉ What is seroconversion?. Answer: the production of antibodies by
a person who had no prior detectable antibodies.
◉ What is Spaulding classification?. Answer: a category of medical
devices and the degree of sterilization or disinfection that is needed.
The three categories are critical medical devices, semi-critical
medical devices and noncritical medical devices, as discussed above,
, that need three levels of high, intermediate, and low disinfection or
sterilization, respectively.
◉ What are sterilants?. Answer: chemical germicides that destroy all
forms of microbiological life, including high numbers of resistant
bacterial spores.
◉ What does sterility mean?. Answer: free from all living
microorganisms. In practice, usually described as a probability
function (e.g., the probability of a surviving microorganism being 1
in 1,000,000)
◉ Define sterilization.. Answer: the destruction of all
microorganisms and large numbers of bacterial spores with the use
of a chemical or physical sterilizer.
◉ What are surfactants?. Answer: agents that clean surfaces by
reducing surface tension, emulsifying and loosening debris.
◉ What are transient flora?. Answer: microorganisms that are in or
on the body only with certain conditions and limited periods of time.
◉ What are transmission-based precautions?. Answer: special
measures and practices to prevent the spread of infection based on
VERIFIED
◉ Define active, passive, natural, and artificial immunity. Answer:
Active immunity occurs when antibodies are created in response to
an antigen; passive immunity occurs when the fetus gets immunity
from the mother in utero or rom t e injection of an immune globulin.
Natural immunity occurs when the person develops antibodies to an
infection because they have been infected with it; and artificial
immunity is acquired when the person has received an
immunization against the infection.
◉ Define indirect contact transmission. Answer: the mode of
transmission in which the host has contact with a contaminated
inanimate object.
◉ Describe intermediate-level disinfection.. Answer: a disinfection
process that, in contrast to high-level disinfection, deactivates
vegetative bacteria, most fungi, mycobacteria, and most viruses, but
not bacterial spores.
◉ Describe low-level disinfection.. Answer: a disinfection process
that deactivates most vegetative bacteria, some fungi, and some
viruses, but not resistant microorganisms (such as spores and
mycobacteria).
,◉ What are mechanical indicators?. Answer: sterilization devices
like a gauge or meter that indicate, or display, the time, temperature
and/or pressure during the sterilization process.
◉ Define medical regulated waste and give examples.. Answer: bio-
hazardous waste that can cause infection without proper handling
and disposal. Some examples of medical regulated waste include
blood-soaked materials and sharp objects that have been used for
surgery or another invasive procedure.
◉ Define noncritical medical devices and give examples.. Answer:
medical items that pose the least amount of risk in terms of infection
transmission when contrasted with critical medical devices. Some
examples of noncritical medical devices include blood pressure cuffs
and environmental surfaces such as floors and countertops.
◉ What is an occupational exposure?. Answer: the exposure of a
healthcare worker to an infectious organism that occurs during the
course of work.
◉ What are opportunistic infections?. Answer: Infections caused by
a microorganism that does not ordinarily cause disease but is
capable of doing so, under certain host conditions. Some of these
conditions include HIV infection and other immunosuppressive
diseases and disorders.
,◉ What is a particulate respirator?. Answer: a respirator that is used
to protect healthcare workers from airborne pathogens such as
tuberculosis. NIOSH approved respirators are custom fitted, fit
tested and maintained by the employer.
◉ Define prevalence.. Answer: the number of new and existing
disease cases among members of a population during a given period
of time.
◉ What are prions?. Answer: protein particles without nucleic acid
that can lead to a number of neurological diseases like Creutzfeldt-
Jakob disease and Scrapie.
◉ Define semi-critical medical devices.. Answer: medical devices or
instruments that come into contact with mucous membranes, but do
not enter internal areas of the body.
◉ What is seroconversion?. Answer: the production of antibodies by
a person who had no prior detectable antibodies.
◉ What is Spaulding classification?. Answer: a category of medical
devices and the degree of sterilization or disinfection that is needed.
The three categories are critical medical devices, semi-critical
medical devices and noncritical medical devices, as discussed above,
, that need three levels of high, intermediate, and low disinfection or
sterilization, respectively.
◉ What are sterilants?. Answer: chemical germicides that destroy all
forms of microbiological life, including high numbers of resistant
bacterial spores.
◉ What does sterility mean?. Answer: free from all living
microorganisms. In practice, usually described as a probability
function (e.g., the probability of a surviving microorganism being 1
in 1,000,000)
◉ Define sterilization.. Answer: the destruction of all
microorganisms and large numbers of bacterial spores with the use
of a chemical or physical sterilizer.
◉ What are surfactants?. Answer: agents that clean surfaces by
reducing surface tension, emulsifying and loosening debris.
◉ What are transient flora?. Answer: microorganisms that are in or
on the body only with certain conditions and limited periods of time.
◉ What are transmission-based precautions?. Answer: special
measures and practices to prevent the spread of infection based on
