CBIC CERTIFICATION EVALUATION 2026
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS ANSWERS
◉ What is necessary for virulence? Answer: Ability to survive the
environment during transit from host-to-host
effective transport
ability to attach to structure for infection
effective mechanisms for proliferation
Invasion and dissemination
◉ Ability to survive environment Answer: BBP survies in blood
outside body
genetic characteristics protect against drying
carried by vector
◉ Effective Transport Answer: Use of vectors
Motility to move through aquas environment
Airborne transmission
Fomites (pens, keyboards, etc)
◉ Ability to Attach for infection Answer: Electrostatic charges of
pathogen attach to oppositely charges human cell
,pathogen has specific adhesions (most bacteria)
◉ Mechanisms of proliferation Answer: Enzymes to spread
Exotoxins to kill or immobilize cell defense of host
Capsules to inhibit phagocytosis or protect after
Biofilms to hide under
Digestive enzyme to dissolve nutrient for bacterial metabolism
◉ Invasion and dissemination Answer: Rigid cell wall as physical
barrier
Cell surface inhibit phagocytosis
Ability to alter cell surface to avoid host-created antibodies
Deterrents to intracellular killing after phagocytosis
◉ Bacterial Toxins Answer: Two types
Exotoxins
Endotoxins
◉ Exotoxins Answer: enterotoxins secreted by bacteria and proteins
◉ Endotoxins Answer: complexes of bacterial proteins, lipids and
polysaccharides
, ◉ Exotoxins info Answer: 1. Commonly gram-positive bacteria
2. Susceptible to heat inactivation
3. Neutralized by specific antibody
4. May possess enzymatic activity
◉ Bacteria with Exotoxins Answer: C. Diff--toxin A and B
MRSA
◉ Endotoxin Info Answer: 1. Gram-negative
2. Not destroyed by boiling or autoclaving
3. Partially neutralized by antibodies
4. Produces changes in host to set off complement system
◉ Bacteria with Endotoxin Answer: Cholera!
◉ Innate immunity Answer: immediate defense, non-specific
manner
◉ cell-mediated immunity Answer: activation of immune system
including phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, etc.
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS ANSWERS
◉ What is necessary for virulence? Answer: Ability to survive the
environment during transit from host-to-host
effective transport
ability to attach to structure for infection
effective mechanisms for proliferation
Invasion and dissemination
◉ Ability to survive environment Answer: BBP survies in blood
outside body
genetic characteristics protect against drying
carried by vector
◉ Effective Transport Answer: Use of vectors
Motility to move through aquas environment
Airborne transmission
Fomites (pens, keyboards, etc)
◉ Ability to Attach for infection Answer: Electrostatic charges of
pathogen attach to oppositely charges human cell
,pathogen has specific adhesions (most bacteria)
◉ Mechanisms of proliferation Answer: Enzymes to spread
Exotoxins to kill or immobilize cell defense of host
Capsules to inhibit phagocytosis or protect after
Biofilms to hide under
Digestive enzyme to dissolve nutrient for bacterial metabolism
◉ Invasion and dissemination Answer: Rigid cell wall as physical
barrier
Cell surface inhibit phagocytosis
Ability to alter cell surface to avoid host-created antibodies
Deterrents to intracellular killing after phagocytosis
◉ Bacterial Toxins Answer: Two types
Exotoxins
Endotoxins
◉ Exotoxins Answer: enterotoxins secreted by bacteria and proteins
◉ Endotoxins Answer: complexes of bacterial proteins, lipids and
polysaccharides
, ◉ Exotoxins info Answer: 1. Commonly gram-positive bacteria
2. Susceptible to heat inactivation
3. Neutralized by specific antibody
4. May possess enzymatic activity
◉ Bacteria with Exotoxins Answer: C. Diff--toxin A and B
MRSA
◉ Endotoxin Info Answer: 1. Gram-negative
2. Not destroyed by boiling or autoclaving
3. Partially neutralized by antibodies
4. Produces changes in host to set off complement system
◉ Bacteria with Endotoxin Answer: Cholera!
◉ Innate immunity Answer: immediate defense, non-specific
manner
◉ cell-mediated immunity Answer: activation of immune system
including phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, etc.
