NSG 1650 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026

NSG 1650 ERXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026 Culture - Answers a pattern of shared attitudes, beliefs, self-definitions, norms, roles, and values that can occur among those who speak a particular language or live in a defined geographical region Enculturation - Answers the process by which a person learns the norms, values, and behaviors of a culture, similar to socialization Acculturation - Answers the process of acquiring new attitudes, roles, customs, or behaviors as a result of contact with another culture. Both the host culture and the culture of origin are changed as a result of reciprocal influences Assimilation - Answers a process by which a person gives up his or her original identity and develops a new cultural identity by becoming absorbed into the more dominant cultural group Ethnicity - Answers a common ancestry that leads to shared values and beliefs Marginality - Answers the act of pushing individuals and groups to the peripheral or out of focus Ethnocentrism - Answers centering on and having bias in favor of one's own cultural/ethnic/racial group Cultural Awareness - Answers the ability to observe, appreciate, and accept similarities and differences between cultures culture competence - Answers -the ability to understand, communicate,and effectively interact with people across cultures. -Involves being aware of one's own worldview and developing positive attitudes toward cultural differences. -Encourages the acknowledgement and acceptance of differences in appearance, behavior, and culture. Respect without bias cultural humility - Answers being aware of social power imbalances, respecting other people's values and beliefs, and continuously reflecting on individual implicit and explicit biases ways to practice cultural humility - Answers -Recognizing that no culture is superior to another -Becoming comfortable reflecting on and acknowledging mistakes made when interacting with those from different cultures. -Being honest when unsure about something. -A key component of cultural humility is being open about what not learned yet. -Learning about other cultures with the awareness that perfect understanding will never be reached. -Asking others for open discussions and Holding each other accountable. Cultural Safety - Answers -An environment that is physically, spiritually,socially, and emotionally safe -It is about shared respect, shared meaning,shared knowledge and experience of learning together. -Culturally safe practices include actions which recognize and respect the cultural identities of others, and safely meet their needs,expectations and rights. Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS) Standards - Answers -are ways to improve the quality of services provided to all individuals, which will ultimately help reduce health disparities and achieve health equity -Respect the whole individual and Respond to the individual's health needs and preferences. Organizational Bias - Answers -A form of bias embedded in the processes,systems, and culture of an organization. -It can manifest in services offered, hiring practices, performance evaluations, promotions, compensation. -lower morale, productivity, retention. -Creates a hostile work environment How to reduce organizational bias - Answers 1) Awareness and education: The first step of most initiatives to address bias is to raise awareness among employees at all levels. This can be done through training, workshops, and other educational initiatives. 2) Data collection and analysis: Organizations should collect data on their employees, such as demographics, hiring rates, promotion rates, and compensation rates. This data can be used to identify areas where bias may be occurring. For example, to address unconscious bias, organizations can use blind hiring processes or develop rubrics for performance evaluations. 3) Policy review: Organizations should review their policies and procedures to ensure that they are fair and inclusive. This may involve making changes to hiring practices, performance evaluation systems, and other processes. 4) Accountability: Organizations need to hold employees accountable for addressing organizational bias. This means creating a culture where employees feel comfortable speaking up about bias and know that their concerns will be taken seriously. 5) Inclusivity: The organization should have employee resource groups, mentorship programs, and ensure that organizational leadership is diverse. Organizations should strive to create a workplace where everyone feels welcome and valued. This means being mindful of inclusive language, providing training on microaggressions, and celebrating diversity. 6) Transparency: Organizations should be transparent about their commitment to equity and inclusion. This means sharing their diversity and inclusion goals with employees and communicating regularly about their progress Social Determinants of Health - Answers 1) Economic Stability: person's financial resources and ability to meet basic needs 2) Education Access and Quality: educational opportunities and literacy levels 3) Health Care Access and Quality: addresses access to medical services and the quality of care received (insurance, PC access) 4) Neighborhood and Built Environment: housing quality, transportation, access to healthy foods, crime, environmental conditions (air/water quality) 5) Social and Community Context: social support, community engagement, discrimination, incarceration, workplace conditions Categories of Health Disparity - Answers 1) unavoidable and acceptable: age 2) avoidable and acceptable: finances 3) unacceptable and unavoidable: age and not receiving meal on wheels, diagnosis of hypertension or diabetes 4) avoidable and unacceptable: pain management for Asian cancer patients Functional Nursing - Answers Nurses are assigned a specific set of tasks to complete for all clients on a unit, such as administering medication, changing dressings, or taking vital signs Functional Nursing Pros and Cons - Answers Pros: efficient, Reduces the need for interprofessional communication: More time for client care, Allows the nurse to gain expertise in a specific area/task, Improved productivity and requires fewer professionals Cons: less personalized care for pts, more complaints, Promotes unaccountability as non-routine or emergent tasks are omitted, Decreases communication and creates poor teamwork, Causes lack of motivation, because tasks are routine, Does not allow the application of the nursing process, It increases the risk of healthcare-associated infections Individual Nursing - Answers a single nurse assuming full responsibility for delivering care to a group of clients during a shift Primary Nursing - Answers -One nurse responsible for planning, delivering, and evaluating the care of one or more clients from the moment of admission to discharge. -Each primary nurse is assisted by associate nurses Primary Care Pros - Answers It allows the client to identify a primary nurse during the care contact -It ensures continuity, which reduces the amount of treatment issues and errors. -It promotes the nurse-client relationship, which allows for personalized care and increased client satisfaction. For the nurse, -it maximizes the ability to complete all steps of the nursing process, particularly evaluation of progress towards treatment goals. -It also facilitates collaborative communication between the nurse, the client, and all team members. -It promotes more effective and efficient discharge planning -It gives greater autonomy to nurses, personalizes responsibility, values nurses' autonomous interventions, and promotes creativity For the institution, this method ensures a higher quality of care, and increases client/family satisfaction. Cons of Primary Nursing - Answers For the client: -there can be unequal care if their primary nurse is less experienced or does not possess the nursing judgment required for quality care. For nurses: -It limits the performance of associate nurses, carries a risk of emotional involvement with the client, and can increase stress. -It requires that all nurses have the decision-making skills necessary to assume the responsibility of care coordination. For the institution, the implementation of this method -requires more nursing staff, -raises questions regarding the equity of care, -requires greater preparation of primary and associate nurses, - requires greater investment in team staffing Pros of Individual Nursing - Answers This method has the following advantages for clients: -Care is individualized and promotes client satisfaction -It promotes the nurse-client relationship as the client can readily identify the nurse who provides care during each shift. This model reinforces the client's confidence in the nurse and their ability to provide safe care. For nurses, it promotes the application of the nursing process, which Improves identification of client needs and decision-making that considers all biopsychosocial needs. -It allows for continuity of care and leads to a reduction of the number of errors and/or omissions, which increases quality -Because the spends more time with each client, it requires less effort to develop the nurse-client relationship -Because the nurse is required to perform all client care tasks, it leads to the development of multiple nursing skills -It promotes greater autonomy in care delivery, responsibility, creativity, knowledge updating, and the evaluation of the quality of care delivery. For the organizations, it translates into higher quality care delivery Cons of Individual Nursing - Answers -For clients, as nurses will provide care to different clients each shift, there is no central figure of reference to address concerns about the "big picture" of progress towards outcomes. -There can be vast differences in the care provided depending on the skills and knowledge of the individual nurses providing care.