A&P 2 Exam 2 Special Senses and Endocrine System
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questions with verified answers || || ||
Olfactory transduction process - ✔✔Odorant binds to its receptor, receptor activates G
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protein, activates adenylate cyclase, converts ATP to cAMP, opens channel allowing Na and
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Ca2+ influx, depolarization and impulse transmission, and olfactory adaptation
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Physiology of smell - ✔✔Gaseous oderant must dissolve in fluid of olfactory epithelum.
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Dissolved odorants bind to receptor proteins in olfactory cilium membranes
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Olfactory passive pathway - ✔✔molecules reach the olfactory mucosa via inhaled air
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Olfactory assisted pathway. - ✔✔molecules attach to an olfactory binding protein that
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transports them directly to the olfactory receptors
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4 Primary taste sensations + umani + water - ✔✔Sweet, sour, salty, and bitter
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Steps of Physiology of taste - ✔✔Be dissolved in saliva, diffuse into taste pore, and contact
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gustatory hairs ||
Taste transduction - ✔✔Salty taste due to Na+ influx, sour taste due to H+ influx. Sweet,
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bitter, and umani coupled to G protein gustducin.
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Taste is _____% smell - ✔✔80
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Glossopharyngeal nerve in the tongue - ✔✔back one third of tongue || || || || || || || || || ||
, Facial nerve in the tongue - ✔✔front two-thirds of the tongue
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_____________ nerve and the ___________ nerve carry impulses from taste buds to solitary || || || || || || || || || || || ||
nucleus of medulla - ✔✔facial and glossopharyngeal
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Where do the impulses from the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves travel to finally make it
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to the gustatory cortex? - ✔✔Solitary nucleus in medulla oblongata, through the pons,
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through the thalamic nucleus, and then into to gustatory cortex.
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Activation of Taste receptors - ✔✔Binding of food chemical depolarizes taste cell membrane
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which causes neurotransmitter release
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Fibrous layer of eye functions - ✔✔Sclera protects and shapes eyeball. Cornea bends light as
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it enters eye and help contribute to blinking and tearing reflexes.
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Vascular layer of eye functions - ✔✔Choroid supplies blood to all layers of eyeball and
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absorbs light to prevent light scattering. Ciliary body holds lens in position and controls lens
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shape. Iris regulates amount of light entering the eye.
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(Inner) Neural layer of eye functions - ✔✔Retina- composed of photoreceptors, bipolar
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cells, and ganglion cells
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Pathway of light through retina - ✔✔Pigmented layer of retina, rods and cones
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(photoreceptors), bipolar cells, and ganglion cells. || || || || ||
Rods function - ✔✔Dim light, no color vision, more numerous, and best sight via the
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peripheral.
Cones function - ✔✔Bright light, can see color, best sight right in front.
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questions with verified answers || || ||
Olfactory transduction process - ✔✔Odorant binds to its receptor, receptor activates G
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
protein, activates adenylate cyclase, converts ATP to cAMP, opens channel allowing Na and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Ca2+ influx, depolarization and impulse transmission, and olfactory adaptation
|| || || || || || || ||
Physiology of smell - ✔✔Gaseous oderant must dissolve in fluid of olfactory epithelum.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Dissolved odorants bind to receptor proteins in olfactory cilium membranes
|| || || || || || || || ||
Olfactory passive pathway - ✔✔molecules reach the olfactory mucosa via inhaled air
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Olfactory assisted pathway. - ✔✔molecules attach to an olfactory binding protein that
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
transports them directly to the olfactory receptors
|| || || || || ||
4 Primary taste sensations + umani + water - ✔✔Sweet, sour, salty, and bitter
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Steps of Physiology of taste - ✔✔Be dissolved in saliva, diffuse into taste pore, and contact
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
gustatory hairs ||
Taste transduction - ✔✔Salty taste due to Na+ influx, sour taste due to H+ influx. Sweet,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
bitter, and umani coupled to G protein gustducin.
|| || || || || || ||
Taste is _____% smell - ✔✔80
|| || || || ||
Glossopharyngeal nerve in the tongue - ✔✔back one third of tongue || || || || || || || || || ||
, Facial nerve in the tongue - ✔✔front two-thirds of the tongue
|| || || || || || || || || ||
_____________ nerve and the ___________ nerve carry impulses from taste buds to solitary || || || || || || || || || || || ||
nucleus of medulla - ✔✔facial and glossopharyngeal
|| || || || || || ||
Where do the impulses from the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves travel to finally make it
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
to the gustatory cortex? - ✔✔Solitary nucleus in medulla oblongata, through the pons,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
through the thalamic nucleus, and then into to gustatory cortex.
|| || || || || || || || ||
Activation of Taste receptors - ✔✔Binding of food chemical depolarizes taste cell membrane
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
which causes neurotransmitter release
|| || || ||
Fibrous layer of eye functions - ✔✔Sclera protects and shapes eyeball. Cornea bends light as
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
it enters eye and help contribute to blinking and tearing reflexes.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Vascular layer of eye functions - ✔✔Choroid supplies blood to all layers of eyeball and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
absorbs light to prevent light scattering. Ciliary body holds lens in position and controls lens
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
shape. Iris regulates amount of light entering the eye.
|| || || || || || || || ||
(Inner) Neural layer of eye functions - ✔✔Retina- composed of photoreceptors, bipolar
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
cells, and ganglion cells
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Pathway of light through retina - ✔✔Pigmented layer of retina, rods and cones
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
(photoreceptors), bipolar cells, and ganglion cells. || || || || ||
Rods function - ✔✔Dim light, no color vision, more numerous, and best sight via the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
peripheral.
Cones function - ✔✔Bright light, can see color, best sight right in front.
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