RNSG 2432 - Exam 1 - Module 5: Valvular Heart Disease, Aneurysm, Cardiomyopathy|Valvular Heart Disease, Mitral Stenosis, Mitral Regurgitation, Mitral Valve Prolapse, Aortic Stenosis, Aortic Regurgitation, Hemodynamic Monitoring, Preload, Afterload, Stroke

RNSG 2432 - Exam 1 - Module 5: Valvular Heart Disease, Aneurysm, Cardiomyopathy|Valvular Heart Disease, Mitral Stenosis, Mitral Regurgitation, Mitral Valve Prolapse, Aortic Stenosis, Aortic Regurgitation, Hemodynamic Monitoring, Preload, Afterload, Stroke Volume, Ejection Fraction, Cardiac Output, Pulmonary Artery Pressure, Central Venous Pressure, Systemic Vascular Resistance, Pulmonary Vascular Resistance, Heart Failure, Systolic Dysfunction, Diastolic Dysfunction, Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, Pulmonary Edema, Cardiogenic Shock, Atrial Fibrillation, Thromboembolism, Transcatheter Valve Replacement, Mechanical Valve Anticoagulation, Endocarditis, Aortic Aneurysm, Aortic Dissection, Postoperative Nursing Management Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026 Review of Patho Heart contains • Two atrioventricular valves •Mitral •Tricuspid • Two semilunar valves •Aortic •Pulmonic where is each valve heard? Valvular Heart Disease -Stenosis •narrowed valve, increases pressure (after load) -Regurgitation (aka insufficiency) •increases preload •results in backward flow of blood -Blood volume and pressures are higher in front of the affected valve and decreased behind the affected valve. -Results in pulmonary edema (left sided HF) Priority Diagnostic Tests -Echo •Assesses valve structure, function, and chamber size -EKG •Identifies HR, arrhythmias, and signs of ischemia -CXR •Identifies altered mediastinum/ alt. pilmonary circ. -Cardiac cath •Detects pressure changes in cardiac chambers •Measures size of valve openings Mitral Valve Stenosis oCommon causes: •rheumatic heart disease •rheumatoid arthritis (RA) •systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) •radiation exposure o What occurs? • scarring of the valve leaflets and chordae tendineae • thickening and shortening of mitral valve structures • obstruction in blood flow •increase in left atrium and volume pressure Mitral Valve StenosisCommon Manifestations •Exertional dyspnea •Loud diastolic murmur (heard at apex = 5th ICS left mid-clav. line) •Fatigue •Orthopnea •Hoarseness – why? pressure on laryngeal nerve •Hemoptysis •Palpitations (from A-fib) Mitral Valve StenosisComplications -Atrial Fibrillation (AFIB) – Why? What will you see? irregular vent. rhythms, normal QRS, no Pwave -Thromboembolism -Heart Failure •What symptoms would indicate this? -Pulmonary HTN Mitral Valve Stenosis Treatment -Percutaneous Transluminal Balloon Valvuloplasty (PTBV) •Alternative tx indicated for poor surgery candidates