NURS 344 MIDTERM | 167 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
| 2026 UPDATE | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
wellness-illness continuum Answer - -wellness/illness are measured on a scale
-health is a process
-can be at different stages at different times
-ranges from premature death to optimum wellness
The socio-ecological model Answer - Facilitates the study and organization of
how client and community health behaviors and outcomes are affected by
personal, situational, community, societal, political, and other contexts
-internal factors are affected by other levels
The health belief model Answer - Looks at internal factors that motivate
people to practice any kind of health-related behaviors, specifically their
perceptions of their own health and any possible threats to it
-motivation to change behavior
-came from a stress model
-ex. Smoking, binge eating, drinking
-threat vs. motivation
Transtheoretical Model Answer - Facilitates the study and organization of how
client and community health behaviors and outcomes are affected by personal,
situational, community, societal, political, and other contexts
,-stages of being prepared to change our health
Pre-contemplation (no) -> contemplation (maybe) -> preparation
(prepare/plan) -> action (do) -> maintenance (keep going)
Social cognitive theory Answer - Provides opportunities for social support
through instilling expectations, self-efficacy, and using observational learning
and other reinforcements to achieve behavior change
*triad of factors
Apply a nursing model to Jamal: A 15-year-old who started vaping due to peer
pressure, lacks health risk knowledge, and has parents who work long hours.
Answer - - Model: Social Cognitive Theory
- Factors: Personal knowledge (lack of health risks), environment (peer
pressure/school breaks), and behavioral (vaping)
Apply a nursing model to the Alami family: Recent Syrian immigrants struggling
to find culturally familiar/healthy food because the nearest large store is three
bus rides away. Answer - - Model: Socio-ecological Model
- Levels: Community (lack of access/grocery store distance) and Public Policy
(transportation/bus routes)
Apply a nursing model to Sarah: A 67-year-old unhoused woman with poorly
controlled diabetes who struggles to refrigerate insulin and prioritizes daily
survival over self-care. Answer - - Model: Illness-wellness continuum
- Context: Sarah is currently in the "Treatment Paradigm" (symptoms/illness)
and faces barriers to moving toward the "Wellness Paradigm"
List the major milestones in the Public Health Nurse Timeline (1796-1948).
Answer - - 1796: Edward Jenner develops Smallpox vaccine (noted cow
workers never got Smallpox)
,- 1854: Florence Nightingale and the Crimean War
- 1893: Lillian Wald founds Henry Street Settlement
- 1900: Jessie Sleet Scales creates CHWs
- 1928: Penicillin discovered
- 1946-1948: CDC and WHO established
What were Florence Nightingale's primary contributions to public health?
Answer - - Crimean War (1854-1856): Improved hygiene, nutrition, and
comfort; reduced death rate from 40% to 2%
- "Notes on Nursing": Stressed pure air, clean water, cleanliness, efficient
drainage, lighting, and hygiene
- Biostatistics: Used health data to discover how physical and social factors
influence health
- Public health reformer: Championed hygiene in hospitals and workhouses
What were Lillian Wald's primary contributions to community nursing? Answer
- - First to use the term "public health nursing"
- Henry Street Settlement: Founded to provide healthcare for all in NYC
- Got nurses into New York schools
- Her ideas led NY lawmakers to create the first public health system
Who was Jessie Sleet Scales and what are Community Health Workers (CHWs)?
Answer - - Jessie Sleet Scales: Worked in mostly Black communities ravaged by
Tuberculosis (TB); convinced the community to accept treatment
- Pioneer: A leader in providing access to appropriate care
- CHWs: Lay members of a community who are trusted and serve as a bridge
between the healthcare system and the community
OASH Answer - Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health
, OMH Answer - Office of Minority Health
ATSDR Answer - Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry
CDC Answer - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CMS Answer - Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
FDA Answer - Food and Drug Administration
HRSA Answer - Health Resources and Services Administration
IHS Answer - Indian Health Services
NIH Answer - National Institutes of Health
SAMHSA Answer - Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration
OIG Answer - Office of Inspector General
What factors interplay to define population health? Answer - - Physical factors
- Mental factors
- Social factors
These factors require integrated interventions.
| 2026 UPDATE | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
wellness-illness continuum Answer - -wellness/illness are measured on a scale
-health is a process
-can be at different stages at different times
-ranges from premature death to optimum wellness
The socio-ecological model Answer - Facilitates the study and organization of
how client and community health behaviors and outcomes are affected by
personal, situational, community, societal, political, and other contexts
-internal factors are affected by other levels
The health belief model Answer - Looks at internal factors that motivate
people to practice any kind of health-related behaviors, specifically their
perceptions of their own health and any possible threats to it
-motivation to change behavior
-came from a stress model
-ex. Smoking, binge eating, drinking
-threat vs. motivation
Transtheoretical Model Answer - Facilitates the study and organization of how
client and community health behaviors and outcomes are affected by personal,
situational, community, societal, political, and other contexts
,-stages of being prepared to change our health
Pre-contemplation (no) -> contemplation (maybe) -> preparation
(prepare/plan) -> action (do) -> maintenance (keep going)
Social cognitive theory Answer - Provides opportunities for social support
through instilling expectations, self-efficacy, and using observational learning
and other reinforcements to achieve behavior change
*triad of factors
Apply a nursing model to Jamal: A 15-year-old who started vaping due to peer
pressure, lacks health risk knowledge, and has parents who work long hours.
Answer - - Model: Social Cognitive Theory
- Factors: Personal knowledge (lack of health risks), environment (peer
pressure/school breaks), and behavioral (vaping)
Apply a nursing model to the Alami family: Recent Syrian immigrants struggling
to find culturally familiar/healthy food because the nearest large store is three
bus rides away. Answer - - Model: Socio-ecological Model
- Levels: Community (lack of access/grocery store distance) and Public Policy
(transportation/bus routes)
Apply a nursing model to Sarah: A 67-year-old unhoused woman with poorly
controlled diabetes who struggles to refrigerate insulin and prioritizes daily
survival over self-care. Answer - - Model: Illness-wellness continuum
- Context: Sarah is currently in the "Treatment Paradigm" (symptoms/illness)
and faces barriers to moving toward the "Wellness Paradigm"
List the major milestones in the Public Health Nurse Timeline (1796-1948).
Answer - - 1796: Edward Jenner develops Smallpox vaccine (noted cow
workers never got Smallpox)
,- 1854: Florence Nightingale and the Crimean War
- 1893: Lillian Wald founds Henry Street Settlement
- 1900: Jessie Sleet Scales creates CHWs
- 1928: Penicillin discovered
- 1946-1948: CDC and WHO established
What were Florence Nightingale's primary contributions to public health?
Answer - - Crimean War (1854-1856): Improved hygiene, nutrition, and
comfort; reduced death rate from 40% to 2%
- "Notes on Nursing": Stressed pure air, clean water, cleanliness, efficient
drainage, lighting, and hygiene
- Biostatistics: Used health data to discover how physical and social factors
influence health
- Public health reformer: Championed hygiene in hospitals and workhouses
What were Lillian Wald's primary contributions to community nursing? Answer
- - First to use the term "public health nursing"
- Henry Street Settlement: Founded to provide healthcare for all in NYC
- Got nurses into New York schools
- Her ideas led NY lawmakers to create the first public health system
Who was Jessie Sleet Scales and what are Community Health Workers (CHWs)?
Answer - - Jessie Sleet Scales: Worked in mostly Black communities ravaged by
Tuberculosis (TB); convinced the community to accept treatment
- Pioneer: A leader in providing access to appropriate care
- CHWs: Lay members of a community who are trusted and serve as a bridge
between the healthcare system and the community
OASH Answer - Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health
, OMH Answer - Office of Minority Health
ATSDR Answer - Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry
CDC Answer - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CMS Answer - Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
FDA Answer - Food and Drug Administration
HRSA Answer - Health Resources and Services Administration
IHS Answer - Indian Health Services
NIH Answer - National Institutes of Health
SAMHSA Answer - Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration
OIG Answer - Office of Inspector General
What factors interplay to define population health? Answer - - Physical factors
- Mental factors
- Social factors
These factors require integrated interventions.
