Biological Thermodynamics (2nd Edition,
2009) – Answers to Exercises – Haynie
What is energy? - answers-The capacity to do work; ability to cause specific changes.
What are the 6 categories of work required for cells to use energy? - answers-Synthetic work,
mechanical work, concentration work, electrical work, heat production, and bioluminescence.
What is synthetic work and provide an example? - answers-Changes in chemical bonds leading
to biosynthesis; example: photosynthesis.
What is mechanical work and provide an example? - answers-Changes in the location or
orientation of a cell or cellular structure; example: flagella, cilia, muscle contractions.
What is concentration work and provide an example? - answers-Moving molecules across a
membrane against a concentration gradient; example: active transport of molecules.
What is electrical work and provide an example? - answers-Moving ions across a membrane
against an electrochemical gradient; example: the membrane potential of a neuron.
What is heat production and provide an example? - answers-An increase in temperature that is
useful for homeothermic animals; example: shivering in the cold.
What is bioluminescence and provide an example? - answers-The production of light; example:
fireflies and jellyfish.
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, What is a phototroph? - answers-An organism that uses the radiant energy of the sun to satisfy
its energy requirements.
What are photoautotrophs? - answers-Organisms that use solar energy to produce all their
necessary carbon compounds during photosynthesis.
What are autotrophs? - answers-Self-feeders.
What are heterotrophs? - answers-Other-feeders.
What are photoheterotrophs? - answers-Organisms that harvest solar energy to power cellular
activities but rely on organic molecules for carbon needs.
What are chemotrophs? - answers-Organisms that get energy by oxidizing chemical bonds in
organic or inorganic molecules.
What are chemoautotrophs? - answers-Organisms that oxidize inorganic compounds for energy
and synthesize all their organic compounds from CO2.
What are chemoheterotrophs? - answers-Organisms that ingest and use chemical compounds
such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins for energy and carbon.
What does oxidation usually mean in biological terms? - answers-The removal of hydrogen
atoms and the addition of oxygen atoms.
Do oxidation reactions release or gain energy? - answers-Release energy.
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2009) – Answers to Exercises – Haynie
What is energy? - answers-The capacity to do work; ability to cause specific changes.
What are the 6 categories of work required for cells to use energy? - answers-Synthetic work,
mechanical work, concentration work, electrical work, heat production, and bioluminescence.
What is synthetic work and provide an example? - answers-Changes in chemical bonds leading
to biosynthesis; example: photosynthesis.
What is mechanical work and provide an example? - answers-Changes in the location or
orientation of a cell or cellular structure; example: flagella, cilia, muscle contractions.
What is concentration work and provide an example? - answers-Moving molecules across a
membrane against a concentration gradient; example: active transport of molecules.
What is electrical work and provide an example? - answers-Moving ions across a membrane
against an electrochemical gradient; example: the membrane potential of a neuron.
What is heat production and provide an example? - answers-An increase in temperature that is
useful for homeothermic animals; example: shivering in the cold.
What is bioluminescence and provide an example? - answers-The production of light; example:
fireflies and jellyfish.
1
, What is a phototroph? - answers-An organism that uses the radiant energy of the sun to satisfy
its energy requirements.
What are photoautotrophs? - answers-Organisms that use solar energy to produce all their
necessary carbon compounds during photosynthesis.
What are autotrophs? - answers-Self-feeders.
What are heterotrophs? - answers-Other-feeders.
What are photoheterotrophs? - answers-Organisms that harvest solar energy to power cellular
activities but rely on organic molecules for carbon needs.
What are chemotrophs? - answers-Organisms that get energy by oxidizing chemical bonds in
organic or inorganic molecules.
What are chemoautotrophs? - answers-Organisms that oxidize inorganic compounds for energy
and synthesize all their organic compounds from CO2.
What are chemoheterotrophs? - answers-Organisms that ingest and use chemical compounds
such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins for energy and carbon.
What does oxidation usually mean in biological terms? - answers-The removal of hydrogen
atoms and the addition of oxygen atoms.
Do oxidation reactions release or gain energy? - answers-Release energy.
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