NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (CHAMBERLAIN)
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND 100% VERIFIED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES GRADED A+
GUARANTEED PASS ON THE FIRST ATTEMPT
1. A 45-year-old patient presents with sudden flank pain radiating to the groin
and hematuria. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Nephrolithiasis
B. Hydronephrosis
C. Acute tubular necrosis
D. Glomerulonephritis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sudden flank pain with radiation to the groin and hematuria is classic
for kidney stones obstructing the ureter.
2. Which lab finding indicates diabetic ketoacidosis?
A. Hyperglycemia, ketonemia, metabolic acidosis
B. Hypoglycemia with alkalosis
C. Normoglycemia with ketonuria
D. Hypernatremia only
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Insulin deficiency leads to fat breakdown, producing ketones and
resulting in metabolic acidosis.
,3. A patient with Addison disease presents with hypotension,
hyperpigmentation, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia. What is the underlying
pathophysiology?
A. Adrenal cortex failure causing cortisol and aldosterone deficiency
B. Excess cortisol production
C. Thyroid hormone deficiency
D. ADH excess
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex leads to cortisol and
aldosterone deficiency, causing hypotension, electrolyte imbalances, and increased
ACTH production (hyperpigmentation).
4. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with chronic
kidney disease?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hypocalcemia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Impaired potassium excretion leads to hyperkalemia in CKD patients.
5. A patient presents with weight loss, heat intolerance, tachycardia, and
exophthalmos. Which disorder is most likely?
A. Hyperthyroidism
B. Hypothyroidism
C. Addison disease
D. Cushing syndrome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Excess thyroid hormone increases basal metabolism and sympathetic
activity, causing these symptoms.
,6. Which renal disorder is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia,
and generalized edema?
A. Nephrotic syndrome
B. Glomerulonephritis
C. Acute tubular necrosis
D. Polycystic kidney disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Loss of plasma proteins lowers oncotic pressure, leading to fluid shift
into interstitial spaces.
7. Which GI disorder is characterized by continuous inflammation of the
colon starting at the rectum with bloody diarrhea?
A. Ulcerative colitis
B. Crohn disease
C. Celiac disease
D. IBS
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: UC affects the colonic mucosa continuously, unlike Crohn disease
which is patchy.
8. A patient presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and hypernatremia. Which
condition is most likely?
A. Diabetes insipidus
B. SIADH
C. Addison disease
D. Cushing syndrome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: ADH deficiency impairs water reabsorption in the kidney,
concentrating plasma sodium and producing polyuria.
, 9. Which lab finding is consistent with hyperthyroidism?
A. High T3/T4, low TSH
B. Low T3/T4, high TSH
C. Low T3/T4, low TSH
D. High T3/T4, high TSH
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Excess thyroid hormone suppresses TSH through negative feedback.
10. Which endocrine disorder results from autoimmune destruction of
pancreatic beta cells?
A. Type 1 diabetes mellitus
B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
C. Addison disease
D. Diabetes insipidus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Autoimmune destruction leads to absolute insulin deficiency, causing
hyperglycemia and ketosis.
11. A patient develops sudden oliguria, edema, and hematuria two weeks after
a streptococcal infection. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
B. Acute tubular necrosis
C. Polycystic kidney disease
D. Nephrolithiasis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Immune complex deposition in glomeruli after infection causes
inflammation, hematuria, and reduced urine output.
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND 100% VERIFIED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES GRADED A+
GUARANTEED PASS ON THE FIRST ATTEMPT
1. A 45-year-old patient presents with sudden flank pain radiating to the groin
and hematuria. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Nephrolithiasis
B. Hydronephrosis
C. Acute tubular necrosis
D. Glomerulonephritis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sudden flank pain with radiation to the groin and hematuria is classic
for kidney stones obstructing the ureter.
2. Which lab finding indicates diabetic ketoacidosis?
A. Hyperglycemia, ketonemia, metabolic acidosis
B. Hypoglycemia with alkalosis
C. Normoglycemia with ketonuria
D. Hypernatremia only
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Insulin deficiency leads to fat breakdown, producing ketones and
resulting in metabolic acidosis.
,3. A patient with Addison disease presents with hypotension,
hyperpigmentation, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia. What is the underlying
pathophysiology?
A. Adrenal cortex failure causing cortisol and aldosterone deficiency
B. Excess cortisol production
C. Thyroid hormone deficiency
D. ADH excess
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex leads to cortisol and
aldosterone deficiency, causing hypotension, electrolyte imbalances, and increased
ACTH production (hyperpigmentation).
4. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with chronic
kidney disease?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hypocalcemia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Impaired potassium excretion leads to hyperkalemia in CKD patients.
5. A patient presents with weight loss, heat intolerance, tachycardia, and
exophthalmos. Which disorder is most likely?
A. Hyperthyroidism
B. Hypothyroidism
C. Addison disease
D. Cushing syndrome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Excess thyroid hormone increases basal metabolism and sympathetic
activity, causing these symptoms.
,6. Which renal disorder is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia,
and generalized edema?
A. Nephrotic syndrome
B. Glomerulonephritis
C. Acute tubular necrosis
D. Polycystic kidney disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Loss of plasma proteins lowers oncotic pressure, leading to fluid shift
into interstitial spaces.
7. Which GI disorder is characterized by continuous inflammation of the
colon starting at the rectum with bloody diarrhea?
A. Ulcerative colitis
B. Crohn disease
C. Celiac disease
D. IBS
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: UC affects the colonic mucosa continuously, unlike Crohn disease
which is patchy.
8. A patient presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and hypernatremia. Which
condition is most likely?
A. Diabetes insipidus
B. SIADH
C. Addison disease
D. Cushing syndrome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: ADH deficiency impairs water reabsorption in the kidney,
concentrating plasma sodium and producing polyuria.
, 9. Which lab finding is consistent with hyperthyroidism?
A. High T3/T4, low TSH
B. Low T3/T4, high TSH
C. Low T3/T4, low TSH
D. High T3/T4, high TSH
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Excess thyroid hormone suppresses TSH through negative feedback.
10. Which endocrine disorder results from autoimmune destruction of
pancreatic beta cells?
A. Type 1 diabetes mellitus
B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
C. Addison disease
D. Diabetes insipidus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Autoimmune destruction leads to absolute insulin deficiency, causing
hyperglycemia and ketosis.
11. A patient develops sudden oliguria, edema, and hematuria two weeks after
a streptococcal infection. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
B. Acute tubular necrosis
C. Polycystic kidney disease
D. Nephrolithiasis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Immune complex deposition in glomeruli after infection causes
inflammation, hematuria, and reduced urine output.
