PORTH'S ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◉ When caring for a client with anemia and a decrease in red blood
cells (RBCs), the nurse recognizes which of these hormones will
stimulate the bone marrow to produce additional RBCs? Answer:
Erythropoietin
◉ A client has developed a tumor of the posterior pituitary gland.
The client is at risk for problems with secretions of: Answer:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
◉ The nurse is teaching a client who has been newly diagnosed with
hypothyroidism about the function of the thyroid. Which of these
does the nurse explain to the client is the role of the thyroid gland?
Answer: The thyroid gland is responsible for increasing the
metabolic rate.
◉ A patient experiences an increase in thyroid hormone as a result
of a thyroid tumor. Which of the following hormonal responses
demonstrates the negative feedback mechanism? Answer:
Decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
,◉ While reviewing the concept of nuclear receptors with a group of
pathophysiology students, the instructor uses the example of type 2
diabetes mellitus patients taking Pioglitazone (Actos), a
thiazolidinedione medication. Because of the peroxisome
proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), the drug has which effect
on the patients diabetes? Select the best answer. Answer: Promote
glucose uptake and increase the synthesis of certain proteins
involved in fat metabolism, which reduces levels of certain types of
lipids.
◉ The nurse explains to a client in labor who has demonstrated
ineffective contractions impeding progression of labor that the
health care provider has added oxytocin infusion to the orders.
Which of these does the nurse teach the client is the purpose of
oxytocin? Answer: To stimulate contraction of the uterus
◉ Select the hormone that requires protein as a transport carrier.
Answer: Cortisol
◉ Which gland is often referred to as the master gland because it
secretes many hormones? Answer: Pituitary
◉ A client has developed a tumor of the anterior pituitary gland. The
nurse is aware that the client is at risk for alterations of: Select all
that apply. Answer: • Growth and metabolism
• Function of the thyroid gland
, • Glucocorticoid hormone levels
• Function of the gonads
◉ To prevent the accumulation of hormones in our bodies, the
hormones are constantly being metabolized and excreted. Where are
adrenal and gonadal steroid hormones excreted? Answer: Bile and
urine
◉ The kidney produces 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. This form of
vitamin D is responsible for which action in the body? Answer:
Stimulates calcium absorption from the intestine
◉ Many hormones are measured for diagnostic reasons by using the
plasma levels of the hormones. What is used today to measure
plasma hormone levels? Answer: Radioimmunoassay methods
◉ How long is the half-life of the hormone aldosterone, which is only
15% protein bound? Answer: 25 minutes
◉ Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback
system? Answer: Estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
◉ A patient comes to a scheduled appointment in the endocrine
clinic. Their primary care physician referred them suspecting the
patient has develops acromegaly. Knowing the usual testing
FINAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◉ When caring for a client with anemia and a decrease in red blood
cells (RBCs), the nurse recognizes which of these hormones will
stimulate the bone marrow to produce additional RBCs? Answer:
Erythropoietin
◉ A client has developed a tumor of the posterior pituitary gland.
The client is at risk for problems with secretions of: Answer:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
◉ The nurse is teaching a client who has been newly diagnosed with
hypothyroidism about the function of the thyroid. Which of these
does the nurse explain to the client is the role of the thyroid gland?
Answer: The thyroid gland is responsible for increasing the
metabolic rate.
◉ A patient experiences an increase in thyroid hormone as a result
of a thyroid tumor. Which of the following hormonal responses
demonstrates the negative feedback mechanism? Answer:
Decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
,◉ While reviewing the concept of nuclear receptors with a group of
pathophysiology students, the instructor uses the example of type 2
diabetes mellitus patients taking Pioglitazone (Actos), a
thiazolidinedione medication. Because of the peroxisome
proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), the drug has which effect
on the patients diabetes? Select the best answer. Answer: Promote
glucose uptake and increase the synthesis of certain proteins
involved in fat metabolism, which reduces levels of certain types of
lipids.
◉ The nurse explains to a client in labor who has demonstrated
ineffective contractions impeding progression of labor that the
health care provider has added oxytocin infusion to the orders.
Which of these does the nurse teach the client is the purpose of
oxytocin? Answer: To stimulate contraction of the uterus
◉ Select the hormone that requires protein as a transport carrier.
Answer: Cortisol
◉ Which gland is often referred to as the master gland because it
secretes many hormones? Answer: Pituitary
◉ A client has developed a tumor of the anterior pituitary gland. The
nurse is aware that the client is at risk for alterations of: Select all
that apply. Answer: • Growth and metabolism
• Function of the thyroid gland
, • Glucocorticoid hormone levels
• Function of the gonads
◉ To prevent the accumulation of hormones in our bodies, the
hormones are constantly being metabolized and excreted. Where are
adrenal and gonadal steroid hormones excreted? Answer: Bile and
urine
◉ The kidney produces 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. This form of
vitamin D is responsible for which action in the body? Answer:
Stimulates calcium absorption from the intestine
◉ Many hormones are measured for diagnostic reasons by using the
plasma levels of the hormones. What is used today to measure
plasma hormone levels? Answer: Radioimmunoassay methods
◉ How long is the half-life of the hormone aldosterone, which is only
15% protein bound? Answer: 25 minutes
◉ Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback
system? Answer: Estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
◉ A patient comes to a scheduled appointment in the endocrine
clinic. Their primary care physician referred them suspecting the
patient has develops acromegaly. Knowing the usual testing
