Pediatric Endocrine and Gastrointestinal Nursing Exam: Parathyroid Hormone,
PTH, Calcium Homeostasis, Calcitonin, Hypoparathyroidism,
Hyperparathyroidism, Thyroid Hormones, T3, T4, TRH, TSH, Hypothyroidism,
Hyperthyroidism, Cretinism, Myxedema, Graves Disease, Adrenal Cortex,
Adrenal Medulla, Corticosteroids, Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids,
Addison’s Disease, Cushing Disease, Growth Hormone, GH Agonists, GH
Antagonists, Diabetes Insipidus, SIADH, ADH, Oxytocin, GI Digestion, GERD,
Hirschsprung Disease, Intestinal Obstruction, IBD, Crohn Disease, Ulcerative
Colitis, PUD, H. pylori, Pyloric Stenosis, Intussusception, Nutrition Therapy,
Electrolyte Imbalances, Oral Rehydration Therapy Exam Questions Verified and
Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
What are the functions of PTH?
4 small glands on the back of the thyroid gland
Produce parathyroid hormone: PTH elevates,back of the thyroid gland
Produce parathyroid hormone: PTH elevates low calcium levels low calcium levels
What is the endocrine system?
Endocrine systems works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis.
Endocrine systems helps to regulate growth and development, reproduction, energy use, & electrolyte
balance.
Endocrine glands produce hormones or chemical messengers, that are secreted directly in the
bloodstream.
Hormone
,Some hormones react with specific receptor sites on a cell membrane and cause an effect.
Other hormones enter the cell and react with a reactor site inside the cell to change messenger RNA,
which enters the cells nucleus and alters the cells functions.
Overproduction or underproduction of any hormones can affect the body's activities and other
hormones.
Hypothalamus
- Coordinating center for the nervous and endocrine responses to internal and external stimuli.
- Regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger, water retention, BP, respirations, reproduction and
emotional reactions.
- Receives input from all other areas of the brain, including limbic system, cerebral cortex, and senses
controlled by the cranial nerves.
- Stimulates or suppresses endocrine, autonomic and CNS activity.
What does the hypothalamus produce?
Secretes releasing hormones/factors that stimulate the pituitary gland, which stimulates or inhibits
other glands in the body.
What hormones and factors are released by the hypothalamus?
- Growth hormone-releasing hormone.
- Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone.
- Prolactin-releasing hormone.
- Growth hormone (GH) release-inhibiting factor (Somatostatin).
- Prolactin (PRL) inhibiting factor (PIF).
,Pituitary Gland
Pituitary is divided into 3 lobes:
-Anterior lobe, posterior lobe, and intermediate lobe.
What does the anterior pituitary gland produce?
Growth hormone.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Follicle-stimulating hormone.
Luteinizing hormone.
Prolactin (PRL).
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) important for nerve growth and development.
Regulate growth, reproduction metabolic processes.
What does secretion from the pituitary gland depend on?
Varies with the time of day or activity called diurnal rhythm.
What does the posterior pituitary gland do?
Stores ADH and oxytocin that is produced in the hypothalamus.
What does the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland produce?
Produces endorphins and enkephalins.
, - Released in response to severe pain or stress.
- These hormones are also produced in peripheral tissues and other areas of the brain.
How is the endocrine system regulated?
Hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA)- interconnection of the hypothalamus and pituitary to regulate levels
of hormones utilizing the negative feedback system.
Other hormones are not influenced by the HPA and are released in response to stimulus.
What are some examples of the negative feedback system?
When T3 and T4 are low, activates hypothalamus.....
When T3 and T4 are adequate, inhibits hypothalamus.....
Allows for tight control of the Endocrine system.
The hypothalamus maintains internal homeostasis and could be considered the master endocrine gland
because
A. It releases stimulating hormones that cause endocrine glands to produce their hormones.
B. No hormone-releasing gland responds unless stimulated by the hypothalamus.
C. It secretes releasing hormones that are an important part of the HPA.
PTH, Calcium Homeostasis, Calcitonin, Hypoparathyroidism,
Hyperparathyroidism, Thyroid Hormones, T3, T4, TRH, TSH, Hypothyroidism,
Hyperthyroidism, Cretinism, Myxedema, Graves Disease, Adrenal Cortex,
Adrenal Medulla, Corticosteroids, Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids,
Addison’s Disease, Cushing Disease, Growth Hormone, GH Agonists, GH
Antagonists, Diabetes Insipidus, SIADH, ADH, Oxytocin, GI Digestion, GERD,
Hirschsprung Disease, Intestinal Obstruction, IBD, Crohn Disease, Ulcerative
Colitis, PUD, H. pylori, Pyloric Stenosis, Intussusception, Nutrition Therapy,
Electrolyte Imbalances, Oral Rehydration Therapy Exam Questions Verified and
Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
What are the functions of PTH?
4 small glands on the back of the thyroid gland
Produce parathyroid hormone: PTH elevates,back of the thyroid gland
Produce parathyroid hormone: PTH elevates low calcium levels low calcium levels
What is the endocrine system?
Endocrine systems works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis.
Endocrine systems helps to regulate growth and development, reproduction, energy use, & electrolyte
balance.
Endocrine glands produce hormones or chemical messengers, that are secreted directly in the
bloodstream.
Hormone
,Some hormones react with specific receptor sites on a cell membrane and cause an effect.
Other hormones enter the cell and react with a reactor site inside the cell to change messenger RNA,
which enters the cells nucleus and alters the cells functions.
Overproduction or underproduction of any hormones can affect the body's activities and other
hormones.
Hypothalamus
- Coordinating center for the nervous and endocrine responses to internal and external stimuli.
- Regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger, water retention, BP, respirations, reproduction and
emotional reactions.
- Receives input from all other areas of the brain, including limbic system, cerebral cortex, and senses
controlled by the cranial nerves.
- Stimulates or suppresses endocrine, autonomic and CNS activity.
What does the hypothalamus produce?
Secretes releasing hormones/factors that stimulate the pituitary gland, which stimulates or inhibits
other glands in the body.
What hormones and factors are released by the hypothalamus?
- Growth hormone-releasing hormone.
- Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone.
- Prolactin-releasing hormone.
- Growth hormone (GH) release-inhibiting factor (Somatostatin).
- Prolactin (PRL) inhibiting factor (PIF).
,Pituitary Gland
Pituitary is divided into 3 lobes:
-Anterior lobe, posterior lobe, and intermediate lobe.
What does the anterior pituitary gland produce?
Growth hormone.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Follicle-stimulating hormone.
Luteinizing hormone.
Prolactin (PRL).
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) important for nerve growth and development.
Regulate growth, reproduction metabolic processes.
What does secretion from the pituitary gland depend on?
Varies with the time of day or activity called diurnal rhythm.
What does the posterior pituitary gland do?
Stores ADH and oxytocin that is produced in the hypothalamus.
What does the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland produce?
Produces endorphins and enkephalins.
, - Released in response to severe pain or stress.
- These hormones are also produced in peripheral tissues and other areas of the brain.
How is the endocrine system regulated?
Hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA)- interconnection of the hypothalamus and pituitary to regulate levels
of hormones utilizing the negative feedback system.
Other hormones are not influenced by the HPA and are released in response to stimulus.
What are some examples of the negative feedback system?
When T3 and T4 are low, activates hypothalamus.....
When T3 and T4 are adequate, inhibits hypothalamus.....
Allows for tight control of the Endocrine system.
The hypothalamus maintains internal homeostasis and could be considered the master endocrine gland
because
A. It releases stimulating hormones that cause endocrine glands to produce their hormones.
B. No hormone-releasing gland responds unless stimulated by the hypothalamus.
C. It secretes releasing hormones that are an important part of the HPA.
