RNSG 1341 Exam 2 -Nursing: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin
Resistance, Beta-Cell Autoimmunity, HLA-DR3/DR4, Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia,
Ketoacidosis (DKA), Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemia, Prediabetes, Impaired Fasting
Glucose (IFG), Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT), HbA1C, Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG),
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), Insulin Therapy (Rapid, Short, Intermediate, Long-
Acting), Basal-Bolus Regimen, Combination Insulin Therapy, Lipodystrophy, Somogyi
Effect, Dawn Phenomenon, Counterregulatory Hormones (Glucagon, Epinephrine, GH,
Cortisol), Insulin-Dependent Tissues (Skeletal Muscle, Adipose Tissue), Metabolic
Abnormalities, Carbohydrate, Protein and Lipid Metabolism, Lifestyle Management, Oral
Hypoglycemic Agents, Hyperglycemia Management, Hypoglycemia Management, Infection
Risk (UTIs, Vaginitis), Complications of Diabetes (Neuropathy, Retinopathy, Nephropathy),
Patient Education, Dietary Modifications, Weight Management, Exercise, Stress
Management Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales
Latest Updated 2026
Type I diabetes
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Absent or minimal insulin production.
Factor
Age at onset = More common in young people but can occur at any age.
Type of onset = S/S usually abrupt, although disease process may be present for several years.
Genetic susceptibility = yes
Environmental factors = Virus, toxins
Symptoms = Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, fatigue, weight loss without trying.
Ketosis = Present at onset or during insulin deficiency
Diet management =
,Medication management = Insulin required for all.
prevelance = 5-10% of all DM
Type 2 diabetes
Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Insulin resistance, decreased insulin production over
time, and changes in adipokines production.
Factor
Age at onset = More common in adults but can occur at any age. Incidence increasing in children.
Type of onset = Gradual, may go undiagnosed for years.
Genetic susceptibility = not usually
Environmental factors = Higher weight, lack of exercise.
Nutritional status = Often overweight or obese with visceral adiposity (“apple shape”). May be normal.
Symptoms = Often none. Fatigue, recurrent infections. May also have polyuria, polydipsia, and
polyphagia, blurred vision.
Ketosis = Usually not present; can occur during infection or high stress.
Diet management =
,Medication management = Insulin required for some. Progressive disease. Insulin may need to be added
to treatment plan.
Accounts for 90%–95% of all types of DM
Briefly describe what happens to a person with HLA- DR3 and DR4 loci when exposed to viral infection
and diabetes develops.
In theory, when a person with certain HLA types is exposed to a viral infection, the β cells of the
pancreas are destroyed, either directly or through an autoimmune process.
What type of hormone is insulin?
anabolic or storage hormone
what are counterregulatory hormones of insulin
glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol
The counterregulatory hormones and insulin work together to maintain glucose levels within the normal
range by regulating the release of glucose for energy during food intake and periods of fasting.
Describe 4 pathophysiological factors that have been identified in type 2 diabetes.
•Risk Factors:
* family hx
*obesity with BMI >25
*age >65
, •Ethnicity-Asian Americans, Black, Hispanics, Native Hawaiians, Native American & Pacific Islanders
•Metabolic Syndrome: elevated glucose levels, abdominal obesity, elevated BP, high levels of
triglycerides, and decreased levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs).
What are the signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes?
rapid onset:
*Polydipsia
•Polyphagia
•Polyuria
*UTIs or yeast infection
*extreme exhaustion
*unintended weight loss
*tingling/numbness
*slow wound healing
**usually present to ER with ketoacidosis
Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Results from a shortage of insulin; in response the body switches to burning fatty acids and producing
acidic ketone bodies that can cause vomiting, dehydration, deep gasping breathing, confusion and
occasionally coma.
What are the signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes?
•Nonspecific symptoms
•gradual onset
Resistance, Beta-Cell Autoimmunity, HLA-DR3/DR4, Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia,
Ketoacidosis (DKA), Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemia, Prediabetes, Impaired Fasting
Glucose (IFG), Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT), HbA1C, Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG),
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), Insulin Therapy (Rapid, Short, Intermediate, Long-
Acting), Basal-Bolus Regimen, Combination Insulin Therapy, Lipodystrophy, Somogyi
Effect, Dawn Phenomenon, Counterregulatory Hormones (Glucagon, Epinephrine, GH,
Cortisol), Insulin-Dependent Tissues (Skeletal Muscle, Adipose Tissue), Metabolic
Abnormalities, Carbohydrate, Protein and Lipid Metabolism, Lifestyle Management, Oral
Hypoglycemic Agents, Hyperglycemia Management, Hypoglycemia Management, Infection
Risk (UTIs, Vaginitis), Complications of Diabetes (Neuropathy, Retinopathy, Nephropathy),
Patient Education, Dietary Modifications, Weight Management, Exercise, Stress
Management Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales
Latest Updated 2026
Type I diabetes
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Absent or minimal insulin production.
Factor
Age at onset = More common in young people but can occur at any age.
Type of onset = S/S usually abrupt, although disease process may be present for several years.
Genetic susceptibility = yes
Environmental factors = Virus, toxins
Symptoms = Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, fatigue, weight loss without trying.
Ketosis = Present at onset or during insulin deficiency
Diet management =
,Medication management = Insulin required for all.
prevelance = 5-10% of all DM
Type 2 diabetes
Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Insulin resistance, decreased insulin production over
time, and changes in adipokines production.
Factor
Age at onset = More common in adults but can occur at any age. Incidence increasing in children.
Type of onset = Gradual, may go undiagnosed for years.
Genetic susceptibility = not usually
Environmental factors = Higher weight, lack of exercise.
Nutritional status = Often overweight or obese with visceral adiposity (“apple shape”). May be normal.
Symptoms = Often none. Fatigue, recurrent infections. May also have polyuria, polydipsia, and
polyphagia, blurred vision.
Ketosis = Usually not present; can occur during infection or high stress.
Diet management =
,Medication management = Insulin required for some. Progressive disease. Insulin may need to be added
to treatment plan.
Accounts for 90%–95% of all types of DM
Briefly describe what happens to a person with HLA- DR3 and DR4 loci when exposed to viral infection
and diabetes develops.
In theory, when a person with certain HLA types is exposed to a viral infection, the β cells of the
pancreas are destroyed, either directly or through an autoimmune process.
What type of hormone is insulin?
anabolic or storage hormone
what are counterregulatory hormones of insulin
glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol
The counterregulatory hormones and insulin work together to maintain glucose levels within the normal
range by regulating the release of glucose for energy during food intake and periods of fasting.
Describe 4 pathophysiological factors that have been identified in type 2 diabetes.
•Risk Factors:
* family hx
*obesity with BMI >25
*age >65
, •Ethnicity-Asian Americans, Black, Hispanics, Native Hawaiians, Native American & Pacific Islanders
•Metabolic Syndrome: elevated glucose levels, abdominal obesity, elevated BP, high levels of
triglycerides, and decreased levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs).
What are the signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes?
rapid onset:
*Polydipsia
•Polyphagia
•Polyuria
*UTIs or yeast infection
*extreme exhaustion
*unintended weight loss
*tingling/numbness
*slow wound healing
**usually present to ER with ketoacidosis
Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Results from a shortage of insulin; in response the body switches to burning fatty acids and producing
acidic ketone bodies that can cause vomiting, dehydration, deep gasping breathing, confusion and
occasionally coma.
What are the signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes?
•Nonspecific symptoms
•gradual onset
