PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
FINAL STUDY GUIDE 2026 SOLVED ITEMS
PREMIUM REVIEW
◉ Hormone-producing glands. Answer: pineal, hypothalamus,
pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries,
testes
◉ cardiovascular system Answer: Function: heart pumps blood
through blood vessels, blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells
and CO2 and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base
balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids, blood
components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood
vessels
Components: blood, heart, blood vessels
◉ lymphatic system OR Immune System Answer: Function: returns
proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract
to blood, contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and
T cells that protect against disease causing microbes
Components: lymphatic fluid and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph
nodes and tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses (B &T
cells,etc)
,◉ respiratory system Answer: Function: transfers oxygen from
inhaled air to blood and CO2 from blood to exhaled air, helps
regulate acid-base balance of body fluids, air flowing out of lungs
through vocal cords produces sound
Components: lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes,
Kidneys(create bicarbonate)
◉ digestive system Answer: Function: breakdown, absorption, and
secretion
Components: Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, small intestine,
stomach, large intestine, live, anus, salivary glands, gallbladder,
pancreas
◉ urinary system Answer: Function: eliminate biological waste
products.
Components: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
◉ reproductive system Answer: Function: PRONLONG SPECIES
gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a
new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate
reproduction and other body processes, mammary glands produce
milk
◉ metabolism Answer: sum of all chemical processes that occur in
the body
, ◉ catabolism Answer: the breakdown of complex chemical
substances into simpler components
◉ anabolism Answer: building up of complex chemical substances
from smaller/simpler components
(protein synthesis)
◉ responsiveness* Answer: body ability to detect and respond to
changes, ability to adapt to biological circumstances
Stimulus>receptor>integrator>effector
◉ movement* Answer: includes motion of the whole body,
individual organs, single cells and tiny structures inside cells
◉ growth* Answer: increase in body size that results from an
increase in the size of existing cells(Hypertrophy), an increase in the
number of cells(hyperplasia)
◉ differentiation* Answer: development of a cell from an
unspecialized to a specialized state
◉ reproduction* Answer: 1) formation of new cells for tissue
growth, repair or replacement 2) production of a new individual
FINAL STUDY GUIDE 2026 SOLVED ITEMS
PREMIUM REVIEW
◉ Hormone-producing glands. Answer: pineal, hypothalamus,
pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries,
testes
◉ cardiovascular system Answer: Function: heart pumps blood
through blood vessels, blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells
and CO2 and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base
balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids, blood
components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood
vessels
Components: blood, heart, blood vessels
◉ lymphatic system OR Immune System Answer: Function: returns
proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract
to blood, contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and
T cells that protect against disease causing microbes
Components: lymphatic fluid and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph
nodes and tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses (B &T
cells,etc)
,◉ respiratory system Answer: Function: transfers oxygen from
inhaled air to blood and CO2 from blood to exhaled air, helps
regulate acid-base balance of body fluids, air flowing out of lungs
through vocal cords produces sound
Components: lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes,
Kidneys(create bicarbonate)
◉ digestive system Answer: Function: breakdown, absorption, and
secretion
Components: Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, small intestine,
stomach, large intestine, live, anus, salivary glands, gallbladder,
pancreas
◉ urinary system Answer: Function: eliminate biological waste
products.
Components: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
◉ reproductive system Answer: Function: PRONLONG SPECIES
gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a
new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate
reproduction and other body processes, mammary glands produce
milk
◉ metabolism Answer: sum of all chemical processes that occur in
the body
, ◉ catabolism Answer: the breakdown of complex chemical
substances into simpler components
◉ anabolism Answer: building up of complex chemical substances
from smaller/simpler components
(protein synthesis)
◉ responsiveness* Answer: body ability to detect and respond to
changes, ability to adapt to biological circumstances
Stimulus>receptor>integrator>effector
◉ movement* Answer: includes motion of the whole body,
individual organs, single cells and tiny structures inside cells
◉ growth* Answer: increase in body size that results from an
increase in the size of existing cells(Hypertrophy), an increase in the
number of cells(hyperplasia)
◉ differentiation* Answer: development of a cell from an
unspecialized to a specialized state
◉ reproduction* Answer: 1) formation of new cells for tissue
growth, repair or replacement 2) production of a new individual
