NURS661 MARYVILLE UNIVERSITY EXAM 1
CERTIFICATION REVIEW SET 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
⫸ Necrosis Answer: Rapid loss of plasma membrane structure,
organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction
⫸ Atrophy Answer: Degeneration of cells
⫸ Hypertrophy Answer: Swelling of cells
⫸ Hyperplasia Answer: Increase in number of cells
⫸ Metaplasia Answer: Replacement of cells, may not be functional
⫸ Loss of ATP effect on cells Answer: Sodium-potassium pump failure.
Intracellular sodium, extracellular potassium leads to edema
⫸ Effect of oxygen depletion Answer: Anaerobic metabolism
(glycolysis)
⫸ Free radical Answer: electrically charged atom/atoms with unpaired
electron--unstable. Steals molecules to stabilize.
, ⫸ Lysosome leakage from cell injury Answer: Digestion of cellular
organelles, halts DNA/RNA
⫸ Ethanol Answer: Metabolized to acetaldehyde--liver dysfunction over
time
⫸ Peroxisomes Answer: Detoxify ethanol, creates hydrogen peroxide
⫸ Most vulnerable to radiation Answer: DNA
⫸ Effects of aging Answer: Muscular atrophy (sarcopenia),
stiffness/rigidity of systems
⫸ Stiffness/rigidity of systems Answer: Peripheral vascular resistance
increase, decreased HCL and stomach emptying, decreased immune
response, decreased total body potassium, increased extracellular
compartment
⫸ Dehydration s/sx Answer: tachycardia, weak pulses, dizziness,
postural hypotension
⫸ Thirst response Answer: Osmoreceptors activated by increased
osmotic pressure in plasma.
⫸ At risk of FVD Answer: Infants (75-80% tbw), obese, elderly
CERTIFICATION REVIEW SET 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
⫸ Necrosis Answer: Rapid loss of plasma membrane structure,
organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction
⫸ Atrophy Answer: Degeneration of cells
⫸ Hypertrophy Answer: Swelling of cells
⫸ Hyperplasia Answer: Increase in number of cells
⫸ Metaplasia Answer: Replacement of cells, may not be functional
⫸ Loss of ATP effect on cells Answer: Sodium-potassium pump failure.
Intracellular sodium, extracellular potassium leads to edema
⫸ Effect of oxygen depletion Answer: Anaerobic metabolism
(glycolysis)
⫸ Free radical Answer: electrically charged atom/atoms with unpaired
electron--unstable. Steals molecules to stabilize.
, ⫸ Lysosome leakage from cell injury Answer: Digestion of cellular
organelles, halts DNA/RNA
⫸ Ethanol Answer: Metabolized to acetaldehyde--liver dysfunction over
time
⫸ Peroxisomes Answer: Detoxify ethanol, creates hydrogen peroxide
⫸ Most vulnerable to radiation Answer: DNA
⫸ Effects of aging Answer: Muscular atrophy (sarcopenia),
stiffness/rigidity of systems
⫸ Stiffness/rigidity of systems Answer: Peripheral vascular resistance
increase, decreased HCL and stomach emptying, decreased immune
response, decreased total body potassium, increased extracellular
compartment
⫸ Dehydration s/sx Answer: tachycardia, weak pulses, dizziness,
postural hypotension
⫸ Thirst response Answer: Osmoreceptors activated by increased
osmotic pressure in plasma.
⫸ At risk of FVD Answer: Infants (75-80% tbw), obese, elderly
