LJU4804 PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
TEST BANK 2026 UPDATED QUESTIONS
AND ACCURATE ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Explain following principles:
- Territorial principles
- Nationality principles
- Flag principle
- passive personality principle
- protective principle
- universality principle. Answer: Territorial Principle:
States have exclusive authority to deal with criminal issues arising
within their territories.
Nationality Principle:
Permits a country to exercise criminal jurisdiction over any of its
nationals accused of criminal offenses in another state. Example: War
Crimes Act in 1991, Sex Offenders Act in 1997
Flag Principle:
Ships and aircrafts have the nationality of the state whose flag they fly or
in which they are registered. They are subject to its jurisdiction.
,Passive personality principle:
Allowes states to claim jurisdiction to try a foreign national for offenses
committed abroad that affect its own citizens. Example: State A trys a
foreign national for offenses committed on foreign soil to a citizen of
State A.
Protective principle:
Allows a sovereign state to assert jurisdiction over a person whose
conduct outside its boundaries threatens the states security or interferes
with the operation of its government functions. Example: hostages an
aircraft-hijacking conventions, Convention on the Safety of United
Nations and Associated Personnel (1994).
Universality Principle:
Allows states or international organizations to claim criminal
jurisdiction over an accused person regardless of where the alleged
crime was committed, and regardless of the accused's nationality,
country of residence, or any other relation with the prosecuting entity.
Crimes prosecuted under universal principle are considered crimes
against all, too serious to tolerate jurisdictional arbitrage (e.g. war
crimes, crimes against the peace, crimes against humanity, slavery and
piracy).
⩥ What does "Diplomatic immunity" mean?. Answer: Diplomatic
immunity refers to the immunities enjoyed by foreign states or
,international organizations and their officials from the country in which
they are present.
⩥ What is the "Law of the Sea" and what does it define?. Answer: It is
the constitution of the Sea. Binding for 154 States. Defines topics such
as:
→ Definition of breadth of the territorial sea and the contiguous zones
→ Transit passage for straits
→ Archipelagos
→ Exclusive economic zones
→ The notion of continental shelfs
→ Supervision and regulation of exploration and exploitation of the
resources
→ Protection of marine environment
Provisions concerning scientific research
⩥ What is Space law and what does it define?. Answer: Refers to
satellites sent to the outer space. The space beyond the atmosphere of the
Earth.
⩥ What are the basic principles of diplomatic immunity according to the
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations?. Answer: - immunity for
diplomats, their families, premises (embassies) and bags.
- legal equality of States
, - Limitation of diplomatic privileges to those actions that are necessary
to enable a diplomat to accomplish his mission.
- Avoiding controversial issues such as diplomatic asylum.
- Focusing on permanent envoys rather than on ad-hoc representatives.
- immunity for criminal prosecution and from civil jurisdiction for
diplomat, their families and staff members.
⩥ What are the different interests and priorities reflected in the UN
Convention on the Law of the Sea?. Answer: → The definition of
breadth of the territorial sea and the contiguous zones
→ Transit passage for straits
→ Archipelagos
→ Exclusive economic zones
→ The notion of continental shelfs
→ Supervision and regulation of exploration and exploitation of the
resources
→ Protection of marine environment
⩥ What are the major issues of space law?. Answer: - More and more
States are becoming "space faring nations" and more and more satellites
are launched every year but the useful orbital paths is limited.
- Post-mission disposal
TEST BANK 2026 UPDATED QUESTIONS
AND ACCURATE ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Explain following principles:
- Territorial principles
- Nationality principles
- Flag principle
- passive personality principle
- protective principle
- universality principle. Answer: Territorial Principle:
States have exclusive authority to deal with criminal issues arising
within their territories.
Nationality Principle:
Permits a country to exercise criminal jurisdiction over any of its
nationals accused of criminal offenses in another state. Example: War
Crimes Act in 1991, Sex Offenders Act in 1997
Flag Principle:
Ships and aircrafts have the nationality of the state whose flag they fly or
in which they are registered. They are subject to its jurisdiction.
,Passive personality principle:
Allowes states to claim jurisdiction to try a foreign national for offenses
committed abroad that affect its own citizens. Example: State A trys a
foreign national for offenses committed on foreign soil to a citizen of
State A.
Protective principle:
Allows a sovereign state to assert jurisdiction over a person whose
conduct outside its boundaries threatens the states security or interferes
with the operation of its government functions. Example: hostages an
aircraft-hijacking conventions, Convention on the Safety of United
Nations and Associated Personnel (1994).
Universality Principle:
Allows states or international organizations to claim criminal
jurisdiction over an accused person regardless of where the alleged
crime was committed, and regardless of the accused's nationality,
country of residence, or any other relation with the prosecuting entity.
Crimes prosecuted under universal principle are considered crimes
against all, too serious to tolerate jurisdictional arbitrage (e.g. war
crimes, crimes against the peace, crimes against humanity, slavery and
piracy).
⩥ What does "Diplomatic immunity" mean?. Answer: Diplomatic
immunity refers to the immunities enjoyed by foreign states or
,international organizations and their officials from the country in which
they are present.
⩥ What is the "Law of the Sea" and what does it define?. Answer: It is
the constitution of the Sea. Binding for 154 States. Defines topics such
as:
→ Definition of breadth of the territorial sea and the contiguous zones
→ Transit passage for straits
→ Archipelagos
→ Exclusive economic zones
→ The notion of continental shelfs
→ Supervision and regulation of exploration and exploitation of the
resources
→ Protection of marine environment
Provisions concerning scientific research
⩥ What is Space law and what does it define?. Answer: Refers to
satellites sent to the outer space. The space beyond the atmosphere of the
Earth.
⩥ What are the basic principles of diplomatic immunity according to the
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations?. Answer: - immunity for
diplomats, their families, premises (embassies) and bags.
- legal equality of States
, - Limitation of diplomatic privileges to those actions that are necessary
to enable a diplomat to accomplish his mission.
- Avoiding controversial issues such as diplomatic asylum.
- Focusing on permanent envoys rather than on ad-hoc representatives.
- immunity for criminal prosecution and from civil jurisdiction for
diplomat, their families and staff members.
⩥ What are the different interests and priorities reflected in the UN
Convention on the Law of the Sea?. Answer: → The definition of
breadth of the territorial sea and the contiguous zones
→ Transit passage for straits
→ Archipelagos
→ Exclusive economic zones
→ The notion of continental shelfs
→ Supervision and regulation of exploration and exploitation of the
resources
→ Protection of marine environment
⩥ What are the major issues of space law?. Answer: - More and more
States are becoming "space faring nations" and more and more satellites
are launched every year but the useful orbital paths is limited.
- Post-mission disposal
