PHGY 216 Final Exam Questions With
Correct Answers
body |bluid- |two |major |compartments.
Intracellular |Fluid |(I |C |F)
-This |is |the |fluid |within |cells |and |comprises |about |two |thirds |of |total |body |fluid
-Extracellular |Fluid |(E |C |F)
-fluid |surrounding |the |cells |which |includes |the |plasma, |the |interstitial |fluid, |lymph, |and |
transcellular |fluid
-comprises |about |one |third |of |total |body |fluid
-plasma |is |about |one |fifth |of |the |E |C |F, |the |interstitial |fluid |is |about |four |fifths |of |the |E |C |F, |and
|the |lymph |and |the |transcellular |fluid |are |considered |negligible.
-BARRIERS |BETWEEN |BODY-FLUID |COMPARTMENTS
-Barriers |between |the |plasma |and |the |interstitial |fluid
,-separated |by |the |blood |vessel |walls.
-everything |in |the |plasma |(except |proteins) |can |freely |exchange |with |the |interstitial |fluid |
through |capillaries
-thus, |the |composition |of |the |plasma |and |the |interstitial |fluid |are |identical, |except |plasma |
proteins
-Barriers |between |the |intracellular |fluid |and |the |E |C |F
-barrier |is |the |plasma |membrane |that |surrounds |each |cell |in |the |body
-I |C |F |contains |proteins |that |do |not |exchange |with |the |E |C |F
-unequal |distribution |of |ions |across |this |barrier |(i.e. |K+ |in |ICF, |Na+ |greater |in |ECF)
-2 |main |factors |to |regulate |fluid |balance
-ECF |determines |exchange |of |substance |into |the |ICF
-overall |control |of |fluid |balance |is |dependent |upon |regulating |the |E |C |F.
-E |C |F |Volume
-closely |regulated |to |maintain |blood |pressure
,-maintenance |of |salt |balance |is |important |in |the |long-term |regulation |of |E |C |F |volume
-E |C |F |Osmolarity
-closely |regulated |to |prevent |the |swelling |or |shrinkage |of |cells.
-CONTROL |OF |E |C |F |VOLUME
-E |C |F |volume |directly |influences |blood |pressure |by |changing |plasma |volume
-Increasing |E |C |F |volume |increaes |blood |pressure
-there |are |short |term |and |long |term |control |factors
-Short-term |Control |Factors
1. |The |Baroreceptor |Reflex
-mechanoreceptors |located |in |the |carotid |artery |and |the |aortic |arch
-they |detect |changes |in |arterial |blood |pressure
-baroreceptor |reflex |regulates |blood |pressure
, -when |pressure |low, |cardiac |output |(CO) |and |total |peripheral |resistance |(TPR) |increase, |and |
vice |versa |when |low
2. |Fluid |Shifts
-shift |fluids |from |interstitial |compartments |to |blood |vessels |to |increase |pressure
-Long-term |Control |Factors
1. |Fluid |Input/Output
-long-term |regulation |of |blood |pressure |is |a |primary |function |of |the |kidneys |and |the |thirst |
mechanism, |controlling |fluid |output |and |input
-i.e. |urine |output
-CONTROL |OF |SALT
-Sodium, |and |the |anions |that |are |associated |with |it |(mainly |chloride), |account |for |more |than |
90% |of |the |E |C |F’s |solutes
-ECF |volume |controlled |by |salt |levels |due |to |osmosis
-Salt |Input
-Regulation |of |salt |input |is |poor |as |it |is |dependent |upon |dietary |salt.
Correct Answers
body |bluid- |two |major |compartments.
Intracellular |Fluid |(I |C |F)
-This |is |the |fluid |within |cells |and |comprises |about |two |thirds |of |total |body |fluid
-Extracellular |Fluid |(E |C |F)
-fluid |surrounding |the |cells |which |includes |the |plasma, |the |interstitial |fluid, |lymph, |and |
transcellular |fluid
-comprises |about |one |third |of |total |body |fluid
-plasma |is |about |one |fifth |of |the |E |C |F, |the |interstitial |fluid |is |about |four |fifths |of |the |E |C |F, |and
|the |lymph |and |the |transcellular |fluid |are |considered |negligible.
-BARRIERS |BETWEEN |BODY-FLUID |COMPARTMENTS
-Barriers |between |the |plasma |and |the |interstitial |fluid
,-separated |by |the |blood |vessel |walls.
-everything |in |the |plasma |(except |proteins) |can |freely |exchange |with |the |interstitial |fluid |
through |capillaries
-thus, |the |composition |of |the |plasma |and |the |interstitial |fluid |are |identical, |except |plasma |
proteins
-Barriers |between |the |intracellular |fluid |and |the |E |C |F
-barrier |is |the |plasma |membrane |that |surrounds |each |cell |in |the |body
-I |C |F |contains |proteins |that |do |not |exchange |with |the |E |C |F
-unequal |distribution |of |ions |across |this |barrier |(i.e. |K+ |in |ICF, |Na+ |greater |in |ECF)
-2 |main |factors |to |regulate |fluid |balance
-ECF |determines |exchange |of |substance |into |the |ICF
-overall |control |of |fluid |balance |is |dependent |upon |regulating |the |E |C |F.
-E |C |F |Volume
-closely |regulated |to |maintain |blood |pressure
,-maintenance |of |salt |balance |is |important |in |the |long-term |regulation |of |E |C |F |volume
-E |C |F |Osmolarity
-closely |regulated |to |prevent |the |swelling |or |shrinkage |of |cells.
-CONTROL |OF |E |C |F |VOLUME
-E |C |F |volume |directly |influences |blood |pressure |by |changing |plasma |volume
-Increasing |E |C |F |volume |increaes |blood |pressure
-there |are |short |term |and |long |term |control |factors
-Short-term |Control |Factors
1. |The |Baroreceptor |Reflex
-mechanoreceptors |located |in |the |carotid |artery |and |the |aortic |arch
-they |detect |changes |in |arterial |blood |pressure
-baroreceptor |reflex |regulates |blood |pressure
, -when |pressure |low, |cardiac |output |(CO) |and |total |peripheral |resistance |(TPR) |increase, |and |
vice |versa |when |low
2. |Fluid |Shifts
-shift |fluids |from |interstitial |compartments |to |blood |vessels |to |increase |pressure
-Long-term |Control |Factors
1. |Fluid |Input/Output
-long-term |regulation |of |blood |pressure |is |a |primary |function |of |the |kidneys |and |the |thirst |
mechanism, |controlling |fluid |output |and |input
-i.e. |urine |output
-CONTROL |OF |SALT
-Sodium, |and |the |anions |that |are |associated |with |it |(mainly |chloride), |account |for |more |than |
90% |of |the |E |C |F’s |solutes
-ECF |volume |controlled |by |salt |levels |due |to |osmosis
-Salt |Input
-Regulation |of |salt |input |is |poor |as |it |is |dependent |upon |dietary |salt.
