PHGY 216 Module 1 Exam Questions With
Correct Answers
What |are |the |functions |of |the |endocrine |system? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |maintain |constant
|internal |environment |via |regulation |of |metabolism |and |H2O/electrolyte |balance
- |adaptive |stress |response
- |growth |and |development
- |reproduction
- |red |blood |cell |production
- |integrating |with |the |ANS |in |regulating |both |the |circulation |and |digestive |functions
What |are |hormones? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-hormones |are |chemical |substances |that |are |
secreted |directly |into |the |blood |at |low |quantities |and |exert |a |physiological |effect |at |a |distant |
target |tissue
What |are |characteristics |of |hydrophilic |hormones? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |water |loving |
- |highly |water |soluble |and |have |low |lipid |solubility |
- |found |unbound |to |carrier |molecules |within |the |plasma |
- |most |are |peptides |or |proteins |
- |amines |are |hormones |based |on |single |amino |acid |residues
What |are |examples |of |amine |hormones? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |catecholamines |
(norepinephrine |and |epinephrine)
- |catecholamines |are |found |free |and |bound |to |carrier |molecules |
- |thyroid |hormones
,- |thyroid |hormones |are |not |hydrophilic
How |are |peptide |hormones |synthesized? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-synthesized |and |secreted |by
|the |same |cellular |machinery |that |makes |proteins |within |cells
How |are |peptide |hormones |synthesized |in |the |synthesis |phase? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-large |
precursor |proteins |called |preprohormones |are |synthesized |by |ER |ribosomes |into |prohormones
How |are |peptide |hormones |synthesized |in |the |packaging |phase? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-as |
they |travel |through |the |ER |and |Golgi |complex, |these |prohormones |are |processed |into |active |
hormones |and |packaged |into |secretory |vesicles
How |are |peptide |hormones |synthesized |in |the |storage |phase? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-these |
hormone |containing |secretory |vesicles |can |be |stored |until |the |cell |receives |the |appropriate |
signal
How |are |peptide |hormones |synthesized |in |the |secretion |phase? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-the |
appropriate |signal |initiates |exocytosis |if |the |vesicles |and |the |hormones |are |released |into |the |
blood
What |are |characteristics |of |lipophilic |hormones? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |lipid |loving
- |highly |soluble |in |lipids |and |poorly |soluble |in |water
- |require |a |carrier |molecule |for |transport |throughout |the |body
What |are |examples |of |lipophilic |hormones? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |amine |thyroid |hormone
|
- |steroid |hormones
How |are |steroid |hormones |synthesized |? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |all |synthesized |from |
cholesterol |
,- |which |steroid |hormone |is |produced |by |a |particular |tissue |depends |on |the |specific |enzymes |
within |the |cells |of |that |tissue
- |not |stored
- |they |are |secreted |as |they |are |synthesized
- |to |regulate |the |amount |of |steroid |hormone |released, |you |need |to |regulate |its |synthesis
Where |is |cortisol |made? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-adrenal |cortex
Which |hormones |are |dissolved |in |plasma? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-peptide |hormones |are |
able |to |freely |dissolve |in |plasma
Which |hormones |are |found |bound |to |carrier |molecules |or |proteins? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
steroid |and |thyroid |hormones |bind |to |specific |carrier |molecules |or |to |plasma |proteins |such |as |
albumin
Which |hormones |are |dissolved |in |plasma |or |bound |to |carrier |molecules |or |proteins? |- |
CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-catecholamines |are |unique |as |50% |are |found |free |in |the |plasma |and |
50% |bind |to |albumin, |they |are |water |soluble
How |do |hormones |interact |with |their |target |cells? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |only |free, |
unbound |hormones |can |interact |with |a |receptor |at |its |target |cell
- |not |an |issue |for |hydrophilic |hormones |and |catecholamines
What |is |the |dynamic |equilibrium |of |lipophilic |hormones |binding |to |its |carrier? |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-- |at |a |given |time, |not |100% |of |a |steroid |hormone |in |the |blood |is |bound |to |its |
carrier |molecule
- |instead, |the |hormones |are |dynamically |unbinding |and |rebinding |which |results |in |a |small |
fraction |of |hormone |that |is |unbound |at |any |given |time
- |this |unbound |hormone |is |active |and |able |to |act |on |target |cells
, How |do |lipophilic |hormones |interact |with |their |target |cells? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-dynamic |
equilibrium
Where |are |the |receptors |for |hydrophilic |hormones? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |peptide |
hormones |and |catecholamines |bind |to |specific |receptors |on |the |outer |surface |of |the |plasma |
of |their |target |cells
- |they |are |unable |to |freely |cross |the |lipid |bilayer |of |the |plasma |membrane
Where |are |the |receptors |for |lipophilic |hormones? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-steroid |hormones |
and |thyroid |hormones |can |easily |slip |through |the |plasma |membrane |and |bind |to |specific |
receptors |inside |their |target |cells
What |happens |after |peptide |hormones |or |catecholamines |bind |to |its |receptor? |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-- |binding |of |these |hormones |to |their |surface |receptors |produces |effects |within |
cells |by |activating |second |messenger |systems
- |these |pathways |are |able |to |amplify |the |initial |signal |as |low |concentrations |of |hormones |
trigger |large |cellular |responses
How |does |cAMP |act |as |a |secondary |messenger? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |an |extracellular |
messenger |binds |to |a |receptor, |activating |a |G |protein |which |shuttles |to |and |activates |several |
adenylyl |cyclase |molecules |
- |these |activated |proteins |convert |many |molecules |of |ATP |to |cAMP |which |then |activate |
protein |kinase |A
- |the |activated |protein |kinase |A |enzymes |then |phosphorylate |and |activate |target |proteins |
which |can |bring |about |the |desired |result
How |does |calcium |act |as |a |secondary |messenger? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |an |extracellular |
messenger |binds |to |a |receptor |activating |a |G |protein, |which |shuttles |to |activate |several |
phospholipase |C |enzymes
- |these |proteins |convert |PIP2 |to |IP3 |and |DAG
Correct Answers
What |are |the |functions |of |the |endocrine |system? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |maintain |constant
|internal |environment |via |regulation |of |metabolism |and |H2O/electrolyte |balance
- |adaptive |stress |response
- |growth |and |development
- |reproduction
- |red |blood |cell |production
- |integrating |with |the |ANS |in |regulating |both |the |circulation |and |digestive |functions
What |are |hormones? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-hormones |are |chemical |substances |that |are |
secreted |directly |into |the |blood |at |low |quantities |and |exert |a |physiological |effect |at |a |distant |
target |tissue
What |are |characteristics |of |hydrophilic |hormones? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |water |loving |
- |highly |water |soluble |and |have |low |lipid |solubility |
- |found |unbound |to |carrier |molecules |within |the |plasma |
- |most |are |peptides |or |proteins |
- |amines |are |hormones |based |on |single |amino |acid |residues
What |are |examples |of |amine |hormones? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |catecholamines |
(norepinephrine |and |epinephrine)
- |catecholamines |are |found |free |and |bound |to |carrier |molecules |
- |thyroid |hormones
,- |thyroid |hormones |are |not |hydrophilic
How |are |peptide |hormones |synthesized? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-synthesized |and |secreted |by
|the |same |cellular |machinery |that |makes |proteins |within |cells
How |are |peptide |hormones |synthesized |in |the |synthesis |phase? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-large |
precursor |proteins |called |preprohormones |are |synthesized |by |ER |ribosomes |into |prohormones
How |are |peptide |hormones |synthesized |in |the |packaging |phase? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-as |
they |travel |through |the |ER |and |Golgi |complex, |these |prohormones |are |processed |into |active |
hormones |and |packaged |into |secretory |vesicles
How |are |peptide |hormones |synthesized |in |the |storage |phase? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-these |
hormone |containing |secretory |vesicles |can |be |stored |until |the |cell |receives |the |appropriate |
signal
How |are |peptide |hormones |synthesized |in |the |secretion |phase? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-the |
appropriate |signal |initiates |exocytosis |if |the |vesicles |and |the |hormones |are |released |into |the |
blood
What |are |characteristics |of |lipophilic |hormones? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |lipid |loving
- |highly |soluble |in |lipids |and |poorly |soluble |in |water
- |require |a |carrier |molecule |for |transport |throughout |the |body
What |are |examples |of |lipophilic |hormones? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |amine |thyroid |hormone
|
- |steroid |hormones
How |are |steroid |hormones |synthesized |? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |all |synthesized |from |
cholesterol |
,- |which |steroid |hormone |is |produced |by |a |particular |tissue |depends |on |the |specific |enzymes |
within |the |cells |of |that |tissue
- |not |stored
- |they |are |secreted |as |they |are |synthesized
- |to |regulate |the |amount |of |steroid |hormone |released, |you |need |to |regulate |its |synthesis
Where |is |cortisol |made? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-adrenal |cortex
Which |hormones |are |dissolved |in |plasma? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-peptide |hormones |are |
able |to |freely |dissolve |in |plasma
Which |hormones |are |found |bound |to |carrier |molecules |or |proteins? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
steroid |and |thyroid |hormones |bind |to |specific |carrier |molecules |or |to |plasma |proteins |such |as |
albumin
Which |hormones |are |dissolved |in |plasma |or |bound |to |carrier |molecules |or |proteins? |- |
CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-catecholamines |are |unique |as |50% |are |found |free |in |the |plasma |and |
50% |bind |to |albumin, |they |are |water |soluble
How |do |hormones |interact |with |their |target |cells? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |only |free, |
unbound |hormones |can |interact |with |a |receptor |at |its |target |cell
- |not |an |issue |for |hydrophilic |hormones |and |catecholamines
What |is |the |dynamic |equilibrium |of |lipophilic |hormones |binding |to |its |carrier? |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-- |at |a |given |time, |not |100% |of |a |steroid |hormone |in |the |blood |is |bound |to |its |
carrier |molecule
- |instead, |the |hormones |are |dynamically |unbinding |and |rebinding |which |results |in |a |small |
fraction |of |hormone |that |is |unbound |at |any |given |time
- |this |unbound |hormone |is |active |and |able |to |act |on |target |cells
, How |do |lipophilic |hormones |interact |with |their |target |cells? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-dynamic |
equilibrium
Where |are |the |receptors |for |hydrophilic |hormones? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |peptide |
hormones |and |catecholamines |bind |to |specific |receptors |on |the |outer |surface |of |the |plasma |
of |their |target |cells
- |they |are |unable |to |freely |cross |the |lipid |bilayer |of |the |plasma |membrane
Where |are |the |receptors |for |lipophilic |hormones? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-steroid |hormones |
and |thyroid |hormones |can |easily |slip |through |the |plasma |membrane |and |bind |to |specific |
receptors |inside |their |target |cells
What |happens |after |peptide |hormones |or |catecholamines |bind |to |its |receptor? |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-- |binding |of |these |hormones |to |their |surface |receptors |produces |effects |within |
cells |by |activating |second |messenger |systems
- |these |pathways |are |able |to |amplify |the |initial |signal |as |low |concentrations |of |hormones |
trigger |large |cellular |responses
How |does |cAMP |act |as |a |secondary |messenger? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |an |extracellular |
messenger |binds |to |a |receptor, |activating |a |G |protein |which |shuttles |to |and |activates |several |
adenylyl |cyclase |molecules |
- |these |activated |proteins |convert |many |molecules |of |ATP |to |cAMP |which |then |activate |
protein |kinase |A
- |the |activated |protein |kinase |A |enzymes |then |phosphorylate |and |activate |target |proteins |
which |can |bring |about |the |desired |result
How |does |calcium |act |as |a |secondary |messenger? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-- |an |extracellular |
messenger |binds |to |a |receptor |activating |a |G |protein, |which |shuttles |to |activate |several |
phospholipase |C |enzymes
- |these |proteins |convert |PIP2 |to |IP3 |and |DAG
