NUR 355 Exam 1, Questions Reviewed and Answers
Verified 2026
where is genetic information stored? - Correct Answers chromosomes
what is epigenetics? - Correct Answers chemical changes to the genome that do not alter the
genetic code
what is atrophy? - Correct Answers - shrinkage in cellular size
- significant number of shrunken cells can cause organ atrophy
physiologic:
- normal, related to development
pathologic:
- related to decreases in workload, use, blood supply, nutriton, hormonal stimulation, and
nervous stimulation
What is hypertrophy? - Correct Answers - increase in cell size
- increases size of affected organ
physiologic:
- due to increased demand, stimulation, by hormones, and growth factors
pathologic:
,- due to chronic hemodynamic overload
what is hyperplasia? - Correct Answers - increase in the number of cells mainly due to growth
factors
- response to injury
- new cells from tissue stem cells
physiologic:
- compensatory and hormonal
pathophysiologic
- hormonal or growth factors
what is dysplasia? - Correct Answers abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of
mature cells
- not cancer, may or may not progress to cancer
- not a true adaptive change
what is metaplasia? - Correct Answers - the reversible replacemnt of one mature cell type by
another
- can be beneficial, usually not
- may be reversed if causative stimuli removed
- develops from reprogramming stem cells
what is pharmokinetics? - Correct Answers study of drug movement throughout the body
- challenge for drugs to cross many membranes
- enteral route drugs are broken down by stomach acids and digestive enzymes
- organs attempt to excrete medicines
, - phagocytes may attempt to remove medicines seen as foreign
what are the four pharmokinectic processes? - Correct Answers 1. Absorption - drug moves
from site of administration to ciruclating fluids
2. Distribution - drugs transported throughout the body to target tissues
3. Metabolism - body using the drug and giving off a byproduct
4. Excretion - getting rid of the byproduct
what are the factors that can affect drug absorption? - Correct Answers - drug formulation
- dose
- route of administration
- size of the drug molecule
- surface area of the absorptive site
- digestive motility
- blood flow
- lipid solubility of the drug
- pH of local environment/ionization of drug
- food-drug interactions
- dietary supplement/herbal product drug interactions
what are the factors that affect distribution of medications? - Correct Answers - physical
properties of drug have great influence
- bone marrow, teeth, eyes, adipose tissue have a high affinity for certain medications
- plasma protein binding
- blood brain barrier and fetal placenta barrier
where is the primary site for the metabolism of medications? - Correct Answers liver
Verified 2026
where is genetic information stored? - Correct Answers chromosomes
what is epigenetics? - Correct Answers chemical changes to the genome that do not alter the
genetic code
what is atrophy? - Correct Answers - shrinkage in cellular size
- significant number of shrunken cells can cause organ atrophy
physiologic:
- normal, related to development
pathologic:
- related to decreases in workload, use, blood supply, nutriton, hormonal stimulation, and
nervous stimulation
What is hypertrophy? - Correct Answers - increase in cell size
- increases size of affected organ
physiologic:
- due to increased demand, stimulation, by hormones, and growth factors
pathologic:
,- due to chronic hemodynamic overload
what is hyperplasia? - Correct Answers - increase in the number of cells mainly due to growth
factors
- response to injury
- new cells from tissue stem cells
physiologic:
- compensatory and hormonal
pathophysiologic
- hormonal or growth factors
what is dysplasia? - Correct Answers abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of
mature cells
- not cancer, may or may not progress to cancer
- not a true adaptive change
what is metaplasia? - Correct Answers - the reversible replacemnt of one mature cell type by
another
- can be beneficial, usually not
- may be reversed if causative stimuli removed
- develops from reprogramming stem cells
what is pharmokinetics? - Correct Answers study of drug movement throughout the body
- challenge for drugs to cross many membranes
- enteral route drugs are broken down by stomach acids and digestive enzymes
- organs attempt to excrete medicines
, - phagocytes may attempt to remove medicines seen as foreign
what are the four pharmokinectic processes? - Correct Answers 1. Absorption - drug moves
from site of administration to ciruclating fluids
2. Distribution - drugs transported throughout the body to target tissues
3. Metabolism - body using the drug and giving off a byproduct
4. Excretion - getting rid of the byproduct
what are the factors that can affect drug absorption? - Correct Answers - drug formulation
- dose
- route of administration
- size of the drug molecule
- surface area of the absorptive site
- digestive motility
- blood flow
- lipid solubility of the drug
- pH of local environment/ionization of drug
- food-drug interactions
- dietary supplement/herbal product drug interactions
what are the factors that affect distribution of medications? - Correct Answers - physical
properties of drug have great influence
- bone marrow, teeth, eyes, adipose tissue have a high affinity for certain medications
- plasma protein binding
- blood brain barrier and fetal placenta barrier
where is the primary site for the metabolism of medications? - Correct Answers liver
