Summary Note for chapter 1-6 for Organic Chemistry First Semester

Chapter 1
Chapter 1 - Bond line
The structural
Theory of matter

Skill Builder

.1
1 . Drawing constitutional isomers of small molecules Skill builders

Steps
1 Determine the valency of each atom that

appears in the molecular formula



2, connect the atoms of highest valency ,
and


the
place the monovalent atoms at
periphery

3
,
Consider other
ways to connect the atoms




Tetravalent Trivalent Divalent Monovalent



F CI Brorl

-
, ,

↳
-

-
N - -


o - H- X-

I I


Carbon
generally Nitrogen generaly Oxygen generaly Hydrogen and
halogens
form four form 3 bonds form 2 bonds form 1 bond
bonds
generally



Draw all constitutional isomers formula for CsHoO

H H H
HHo-H
I I I Hi
H-c c-
I I

3
-




2
- - - H -

c -


c -




C -


H = H -

c -



C -


C -


H
H
I " -

H


H
HH
11 I



H -




0 -

C -




C -

C -




H => The carbon 1 always the priority group where
11 I
2
, 3
it has the alcohol group.
H HH

Because the
oxygen atom attaches to Carbon-1 that's why it's called

1- Propanol

, So for this molecular formula CsHsO ,
there are total 3 constitutional isomers :



i it it
H -

C -



C -


C -



0
-




H - I
I
HH
11
H
I


I i H- c -




c -




C -

H H -

c -


C -


o -


C -



H

Oxygen is connectedto i H Hi it
21 oxygen is connected Oxygen is connected
to 22 to C3


.3
1 . Elections Bonds , , and Lewis Structure



Atoms connect each other bonds .
by
·




· Covalent bund = 2 atoms
sharing a
pair of electrons
H + H >
-

H -


H DH = -436h5/mol

↳ atom has 1 when these I are shared to form bond,
Ech hydrogen so a



there is decreased in Negative value for AH
a
energy >
=




· When Latoms approach together closer there , a re several forces.

a) The force of repulsion between 2
negatively charged e

by the force of repulsion between 2
positively charged of nuclei
2) The force of attraction between the
positively charged of nuclei and negatively charge of e.




Drawing the Lewis Structure of an atom

a) Lewis structure dot


o Indicate the number of Valencee which a re placed as dots around the periodictable
of the atom


·
For atoms with 4 or fewer valence e , each valence It is drawn
by itself (unpaired)
Lio ·
Be . . B . .
c .




*




·
For atoms with more than 4 , the first 4 valence e are drawn unpaired (as seen above)
then the
remaining valence I is paired up with a n
already drawn :




& A




·N
*
.
·
O
*
.



F · Nie
-
:




Example of drawing Lewisstructure of small molecule
H
as CH4
H
.... H
&





"I