NSG552 Psychopharmacology Exam 1 |91 Questions and Answers 2026 | Graded A+

NSG552 Psychopharmacology Exam 1 |91 Questions and Answers 2026 | Graded A+ What are the 6 general principles of psychopharmacological treatment? - answer-Safety Tolerability Efficacy Practicality Treatment accessibility Treatment compliance Pharmacokinetics - answer-How the drug moves in the body. (ex. Where is it absorbed? How and where is it metabolized? Where is it excreted?) Pharmacodynamics - answer-What the drug does to the body. (consider mechanism of action) Define First-generation antipsychotics - answer-Referred to as Typical Antipsychotics. Most have strong bond with D2 receptors only, cause EPS symptoms faster due to prolonged receptor dissociation, have more dangerous side effect profiles, have been around longer, more effective at treating positive symptoms, less expensive. (Ex. Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine, Fluphenazine) Define Second-generation antipsychotics - answer-Referred to as Atypical Antipsychotics. Most have a weak bond with D2 receptors and block serotonin receptors leading to anti-depressive and anxiolytic effects. They cause less EPS due to rapid receptor disassociation which leads to rapid dopamine neurotransmission. Have less dangerous side effect profiles but can cause metabolic syndromes, have been around shorter time, more expensive, more effective attreating negative symptoms but can treat positive symptoms as well, long-acting injections available for several of these. (Ex. Risperidone, Clozapine, Quetiapine, Aripiprazole, Ziprasidone) Extra Pyramidal Symptoms (EPS) - answer-Side effects caused by certain antipsychotic medications, which include: involuntary or uncontrollable movements. tremors. muscle contractions. Tardive dyskinesia - answer-A neurological disorder characterize by involuntary movement of the face and jaw. Upregulation - answer-Occurs through chronic use of antagonists which causes an increase in the number of receptors, externalization of receptors, and increased sensitivity of the receptors. Prolonged use of antagonist - Up-regulation of receptors - Sudden withdrawal of antagonist - increased number of receptors and increased sensitivity of receptors *YOU MUST GRADUALLY TAPER A DRUG TO AVOID BINDING TO ALL NEW RECEPTORS FROM UPREGULATION Down regulation - answer-Occurs by chronic exposure of agonists which causes decreased number of receptors, internalization of receptors, and decreased sensitivity of the receptors. Prolonged use of agonist - down-regulation of receptors - decreased effectiveness of agonist mediated clinical response. You have two options: 1 Increase the drug dose OR 2 Switch to another drug(BEST OPTION) Receptor profile - answer-The receptors that each drug binds to (example, risperidone's receptor profile would like... (a) Blockade of 5HT2A and D2 receptors (b) High affinity for a1, a2, and H1 receptors) Binding - answer-Refers to a drug metabolite or neurotransmitter attaching to a receptorAffinity - answer-refers to the "preference" or likelihood of a drug to bind to a certain receptor. Linked to potency. CYP450 - answer-A group of enzymes in the liver that metabolize different drugs. There are six. List the 7 CYP450 Enzymes - answer-(1) CYP1A2 (2) CYP2B6 (3) CYP2C9 (4) CYP2C19 (5) CYP2D6 (6) CYP3A4 (7) CYP2EI CYP2B6 - answer-Metabolizes arteminsin, bupropion, cyclophosphamide, efavirenz, ketamine, and methadone (2B6, there are two psych drugs (bupropion, methadone (ketamine...?) and six altogether. CYP1A2 - answer-metabolizes AcetAminophen (two As) CYP2C9 - answer-metabolizes Warfarin/Coumadin (think warfarin factors 2, C, 9) CYP2C19 - answer-metabolizes PPIs, antidepressants, antiplatelet, antifungals, and anticancer drugs (2C19, two see one, there is only one class of psych drugs that are metabolized, you ONLY SEE one! antidepressants) CYP2D6 - answer-Metabolizes Cardiovascular drugs (2-D echo, echo is a test for heart)CYP3A4 - answer-Most common and ambiguous (if not above, then it's this one, a lot of psych drugs are involved with this one) CYP2EI - answer-ETOH (You have to be 21 to drink) CYP450 inhibitors - answer-Decreases drug metabolism: (1) Valproate (2) Ketoconazole (3) Isoniazid (4) Sulfonamides (5) Chloramphenicol (6) Amiodarone (7) All macrolides (think mycins) except azithromycin (8) Quinidine (9) Grapefruit juice CYP450 inducers - answer-Increases drug metabolism: (1) Carbamazepine (2) Rifampin (3) Alcohol (4) Phenytoin (5) Griseofulvin (6) Phenobarbital (7) SulfonylureasDopamine Pathways - answer-(1) Mesolimbic (2) Tuberoinfundibular (3) Mesocorticial (4) Nigrostriatal