Grade 8: Geography: Term 1
Point by Point Revision Summary
• Latitude and longitude are measured in degrees and minutes. One minute is
a 60th of a degree
• If you have the latitude and longitude of a place, you can find it on an atlas
map
• A ratio scale shows the ratio of 1cm on the map to the number of centimetres
on the ground
• The equator divides the world into the northern and southern hemispheres
• The Greenwich meridian divides the world into the western and eastern
hemispheres
• The earth’s axis is tilted at 23,5° degrees to the vertical
• The earth rotates on its axis from west to east once eery 24 hours
• World Time is measured from the Greenwich Meridian – Greenwhich Mean
Time or GMT. Places west of Greenwhich are behind GMT and places each
of Greenwhich are ahead of GMT
• Countries with a big east-west extent use time zones
• The International Date Line follows the 180° line of longitude but goes around
land masses. If you cross the IDL going east, you subtract one calendar day
and if you ross the IDL going west, you add one calendar day
• The earth revolves around the sun once every 365¼ days. This movement
and the tilted axis cause the seasons
• The equinoxes are 21 March and 23 September, when the sun is overhead
the equator at midday. There is 12 hours of day and night throughout the
world.
• The solstices are 21 June and 21 December. On these days the sun is
overhead the Tropic (of Capricorn or Cancer) at midday. Length of day and
night varies throughout the world in summer and winter
• Satellite images are taken from a satellite orbiting earth. The images show
louds, water, soil erosion, vegetation and settlements
, Grade 8: Geography: Term 2
Point by Point Revision Summary
• Temperature and rainfall are affected by factors such as latitude, distance
from the sea, altitude, ocean currents and relief
• Places at low latitudes near the equator have higher temperatures that places
at higher latitudes nearer the poles
• Latitudes where air rises, cools and condenses are more likely to have rain
than places where air sinks.
• The sea has a moderating effect on temperature; places near the coast are
not as hot or as cold as places further inland
• Places on the coast will have more rainfall than places further inland when
warm, moist winds blow onshore from the sea and cause rain near the coast
• Temperature decreases with altitude, but altitude does not affect rainfall
• Wind blowing over a warm current will collect ore water vapour and bring
more rain than wind blowing over a cold current
• Mountains affect temperature as temperature decreases with altitude
• Mountains affect temperature by causing air to rise, cool and therefore bring
rain on the windward side of the mountain
The windward side gets more rain than the leeward side, which is in a rain
shadow
• South Africa’s climate is affected by the factors affecting temperature and
rainfall:
- Places at higher altitude are colder than places at lower altitude
- Places on the east coat are warmer than places on the west coast
because of the warm Mozambique current on the east coast and the cold
Benguela current on the west coast. These places also receive more rain
- Places inland have a greater temperature range than coastal places
- More rain falls on the windward than the leeward side of the escarpment
and the mountains in the south of the Western Cape
The Karoo is dry because it is in a rain shadow
• Temperature, rainfall, humidity and wind are all elements of weather. Daily
variations in these elements are referred to as weather, while climate is
, the weather pattern in an area measured over a longer period of time (30
years or longer)
• Large areas of the world have the same climate. These are called climate
regions.
• Different climate regions have different summer and winter temperatures,
different amounts of rainfall and different seasonal patterns of rain.
• The conditions in each climate region are related to the factors affecting
temperature and rainfall
Point by Point Revision Summary
• Latitude and longitude are measured in degrees and minutes. One minute is
a 60th of a degree
• If you have the latitude and longitude of a place, you can find it on an atlas
map
• A ratio scale shows the ratio of 1cm on the map to the number of centimetres
on the ground
• The equator divides the world into the northern and southern hemispheres
• The Greenwich meridian divides the world into the western and eastern
hemispheres
• The earth’s axis is tilted at 23,5° degrees to the vertical
• The earth rotates on its axis from west to east once eery 24 hours
• World Time is measured from the Greenwich Meridian – Greenwhich Mean
Time or GMT. Places west of Greenwhich are behind GMT and places each
of Greenwhich are ahead of GMT
• Countries with a big east-west extent use time zones
• The International Date Line follows the 180° line of longitude but goes around
land masses. If you cross the IDL going east, you subtract one calendar day
and if you ross the IDL going west, you add one calendar day
• The earth revolves around the sun once every 365¼ days. This movement
and the tilted axis cause the seasons
• The equinoxes are 21 March and 23 September, when the sun is overhead
the equator at midday. There is 12 hours of day and night throughout the
world.
• The solstices are 21 June and 21 December. On these days the sun is
overhead the Tropic (of Capricorn or Cancer) at midday. Length of day and
night varies throughout the world in summer and winter
• Satellite images are taken from a satellite orbiting earth. The images show
louds, water, soil erosion, vegetation and settlements
, Grade 8: Geography: Term 2
Point by Point Revision Summary
• Temperature and rainfall are affected by factors such as latitude, distance
from the sea, altitude, ocean currents and relief
• Places at low latitudes near the equator have higher temperatures that places
at higher latitudes nearer the poles
• Latitudes where air rises, cools and condenses are more likely to have rain
than places where air sinks.
• The sea has a moderating effect on temperature; places near the coast are
not as hot or as cold as places further inland
• Places on the coast will have more rainfall than places further inland when
warm, moist winds blow onshore from the sea and cause rain near the coast
• Temperature decreases with altitude, but altitude does not affect rainfall
• Wind blowing over a warm current will collect ore water vapour and bring
more rain than wind blowing over a cold current
• Mountains affect temperature as temperature decreases with altitude
• Mountains affect temperature by causing air to rise, cool and therefore bring
rain on the windward side of the mountain
The windward side gets more rain than the leeward side, which is in a rain
shadow
• South Africa’s climate is affected by the factors affecting temperature and
rainfall:
- Places at higher altitude are colder than places at lower altitude
- Places on the east coat are warmer than places on the west coast
because of the warm Mozambique current on the east coast and the cold
Benguela current on the west coast. These places also receive more rain
- Places inland have a greater temperature range than coastal places
- More rain falls on the windward than the leeward side of the escarpment
and the mountains in the south of the Western Cape
The Karoo is dry because it is in a rain shadow
• Temperature, rainfall, humidity and wind are all elements of weather. Daily
variations in these elements are referred to as weather, while climate is
, the weather pattern in an area measured over a longer period of time (30
years or longer)
• Large areas of the world have the same climate. These are called climate
regions.
• Different climate regions have different summer and winter temperatures,
different amounts of rainfall and different seasonal patterns of rain.
• The conditions in each climate region are related to the factors affecting
temperature and rainfall
