NSG 533 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 2026
MODULE 2 QUESTIONS AND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS
| GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED PASS!!
(Pseudohyponatremia)
When water moves from inside cells to surrounding fluid. Shift dilutes sodium
concentration in the ecf
Causes: hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperproteinemia
- answer-hypertonic hyponatremia causes
280- 294 millimoles per kg (mosm/kg)
- answer-normal range serum osmolality
8.5-10.5
- answer-normal serum level hypercalcemia
8.5-10.5
- answer-normal serum level hypocalcemia
A decrease in oncotic pressure can result in fluid shifting from the blood vessels to
the interstitial spaces
Causes: liver disease, malnutrition
- answer-how does edema r/t deceased oncotic pressure?
Abdominal edema
Liver cirrhosis, heart failure, certain cancers
- answer-ascites, the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity and causes -
leads to distention of this area
Acidosis is characterized by an excess of hydrogen ions
Resp acidosis: accumulation of co2, which combines with water (h20) to form
carbonic acid - this releases hydrogen ions
- answer-describe how hydrogen comes from acidosis.
Addition of bicarbonate to the body, contraction alkalosis, and loss of hydrogen
ions
- answer-metabolic alkalosis etiology
,Alkalosis involves a decrease in hydrogen ions
Respiratory alkalosis, excessive breathing leads to a loss of carbon dioxide,
reducing hydrogen ion concentration
- answer-how does alkalosis affect hydrogen?
Alveolar hyperventilation resulting in hypocapnia
- answer-respiratory alkalosis etiology
Alveolar hypoventilation resulting in hypercapnia
- answer-respiratory acidosis etiology
An elevation of ecf k+ > 5.0 meq/l
Excessive intake, a shift of k from icf to ecf, decreased renal excretion/renal
failure.
Tissue breakdown, adrenal failure, k+ sparing diuretics, metabolic acidosis,
hyperglycemia, transfusions, pseudohyperkalemia
Other causes: hypoxia, changes in cell membrane permeability, acidosis
- answer-etiology of hyperkalemia
Anion gap = na+ - (cl+hco3)
12 + or minus 2 (no potassium - for test!)
- answer-how to calculate anion gap when
Anion gap!
Formula: na - (cl+hco3)
- answer-what must be calculated if metabolic acidosis is determined?
Arterial ph >7.45 and paco2 <38 mmhg
- answer-respiratory alkalosis diagnostics
Body loses na+ and h20 but loses more h20 than na+
Non renal: sweating, diarrhea, poor po intake (urine na <10)
Renal: loop diuretics, diuretic stage of kidney disease (urine na >20)
- answer-causes of hypovolemic hypernatremia
Bounding pulse
Central nervous system signs
weakness
Weight gain
Lethargy muscle twitching and hyperreflexia,
, Confusion, coma, and seizures can occur
- answer-clinical manifestations of hypernatremia
Break them down and contribute to the release of calcium
- answer-what can acidosis do to bones?
Bring ph back towards the range (7.35-7.45) by counterbalancing the primary
disturbance, either respiratory or metabolic.
- answer-what is the goal of compensation?
Capillary walls become more permeable, allowing proteins and fluids to leak into
the interstitial spaces
- answer-what is the mechanism of increased capillary permeability
Caused by the addition or retention of acid
Derangements in metabolism (lactic acidosis and keto acidosis)
Or exogenous ingestions (methanol, glycol, salicylates)
- answer-what is elevated anion gap (eap) metabolic acidosis?
And causes
Causes a shift of potassium into cells (extracellular to intracellular) (k enters, h
leaves), leading to a decrease in serum potassium.
- answer-what does alkalosis do to potassium and serum?
Cerebral edema
Tbi, infections, tumors
- answer-swelling in brain can increase intracranial pressure, causing headaches
and maybe neuro complications and causes
Chf, oliguric kidney disease, cirrhosis of liver
- answer-examples of increased capillary venous hydrostatic pressure
Compensatory mechanisms successfully bring ph back into normal range
- answer-what does complete compensation do to the ph?
Contraction of hand and fingers when arterial blood flow in the arm is occluded for
3/5 minutes with bp cuff
- answer-trousseau sign
Cutaneous edema
MODULE 2 QUESTIONS AND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS
| GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED PASS!!
(Pseudohyponatremia)
When water moves from inside cells to surrounding fluid. Shift dilutes sodium
concentration in the ecf
Causes: hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperproteinemia
- answer-hypertonic hyponatremia causes
280- 294 millimoles per kg (mosm/kg)
- answer-normal range serum osmolality
8.5-10.5
- answer-normal serum level hypercalcemia
8.5-10.5
- answer-normal serum level hypocalcemia
A decrease in oncotic pressure can result in fluid shifting from the blood vessels to
the interstitial spaces
Causes: liver disease, malnutrition
- answer-how does edema r/t deceased oncotic pressure?
Abdominal edema
Liver cirrhosis, heart failure, certain cancers
- answer-ascites, the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity and causes -
leads to distention of this area
Acidosis is characterized by an excess of hydrogen ions
Resp acidosis: accumulation of co2, which combines with water (h20) to form
carbonic acid - this releases hydrogen ions
- answer-describe how hydrogen comes from acidosis.
Addition of bicarbonate to the body, contraction alkalosis, and loss of hydrogen
ions
- answer-metabolic alkalosis etiology
,Alkalosis involves a decrease in hydrogen ions
Respiratory alkalosis, excessive breathing leads to a loss of carbon dioxide,
reducing hydrogen ion concentration
- answer-how does alkalosis affect hydrogen?
Alveolar hyperventilation resulting in hypocapnia
- answer-respiratory alkalosis etiology
Alveolar hypoventilation resulting in hypercapnia
- answer-respiratory acidosis etiology
An elevation of ecf k+ > 5.0 meq/l
Excessive intake, a shift of k from icf to ecf, decreased renal excretion/renal
failure.
Tissue breakdown, adrenal failure, k+ sparing diuretics, metabolic acidosis,
hyperglycemia, transfusions, pseudohyperkalemia
Other causes: hypoxia, changes in cell membrane permeability, acidosis
- answer-etiology of hyperkalemia
Anion gap = na+ - (cl+hco3)
12 + or minus 2 (no potassium - for test!)
- answer-how to calculate anion gap when
Anion gap!
Formula: na - (cl+hco3)
- answer-what must be calculated if metabolic acidosis is determined?
Arterial ph >7.45 and paco2 <38 mmhg
- answer-respiratory alkalosis diagnostics
Body loses na+ and h20 but loses more h20 than na+
Non renal: sweating, diarrhea, poor po intake (urine na <10)
Renal: loop diuretics, diuretic stage of kidney disease (urine na >20)
- answer-causes of hypovolemic hypernatremia
Bounding pulse
Central nervous system signs
weakness
Weight gain
Lethargy muscle twitching and hyperreflexia,
, Confusion, coma, and seizures can occur
- answer-clinical manifestations of hypernatremia
Break them down and contribute to the release of calcium
- answer-what can acidosis do to bones?
Bring ph back towards the range (7.35-7.45) by counterbalancing the primary
disturbance, either respiratory or metabolic.
- answer-what is the goal of compensation?
Capillary walls become more permeable, allowing proteins and fluids to leak into
the interstitial spaces
- answer-what is the mechanism of increased capillary permeability
Caused by the addition or retention of acid
Derangements in metabolism (lactic acidosis and keto acidosis)
Or exogenous ingestions (methanol, glycol, salicylates)
- answer-what is elevated anion gap (eap) metabolic acidosis?
And causes
Causes a shift of potassium into cells (extracellular to intracellular) (k enters, h
leaves), leading to a decrease in serum potassium.
- answer-what does alkalosis do to potassium and serum?
Cerebral edema
Tbi, infections, tumors
- answer-swelling in brain can increase intracranial pressure, causing headaches
and maybe neuro complications and causes
Chf, oliguric kidney disease, cirrhosis of liver
- answer-examples of increased capillary venous hydrostatic pressure
Compensatory mechanisms successfully bring ph back into normal range
- answer-what does complete compensation do to the ph?
Contraction of hand and fingers when arterial blood flow in the arm is occluded for
3/5 minutes with bp cuff
- answer-trousseau sign
Cutaneous edema
