NSG 533 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 2026: 120+
QUESTIONS AND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS |
GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED PASS!!
AAT (alpha 1 antitrypsin) deficiency
- answer-COPD
low serum level leads to low alveolar concentrations where it would severe as
protection against antiproteases
Adenocarcinomas
- answer-Ducal or glandular structures
Allele
- answer-One version of a gene at a given location along a chromosome
Anaplasia
- answer-absence of differentiation
without form; cells are variable size and shape
Anticipation
- answer-Tendency for disorders in successive generations to present at an earlier
age and/or with more severe manifestations
APC
- answer-Familial adenomatous polyposis = FAP
Rare autosomal dominant colon cancer
Autosomal dominant
- answer-Phenotype expressed in those who only have one copy of gene mutation
Autosomal recessive
- answer-Phenotype expressed in those who have two copies of gene mutation
BRCA 1 and BRCA 2
- answer-Linked to breast and ovarian cancers
,Breast cancer risks
- answer-55+, white people, genetics (BRCA1+2), obesity, diet, alcohol, hormones
1/8 develop in lifetime
Cancer Angiogenesis
- answer-Ability of tumors to form new blood vessels to receive O2 and nutrients
Therapies may trigger this vessel growth factor
Cancer energy metabolism
- answer-Cancer = parasite; extracts nutrients without needing homeostatic
environment
must grow in hypoxic/acidic environment, high glucose utilization (PET scan),
uses glycolysis for 4mmol ATP
Cancer/Tumor Staging
- answer-Different for each tumors
in situ = precancerous
Stage 1: confined
Stage 2: locally invasive
Stage 3: spread to regional structures (lymph)
Stage 4: spread to distant sites
Carcinoma in situ
- answer-Pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cell
origin
Important to detect/surveil as it may turn into cancer
Carcinoma in situ fates
- answer-1. Stable for long time
2. Progress to invasive / metastatic cancer
3. Regress and disappear
time in situ is unknown; watchful waiting or prophylactic Tx (removal)
, Carcinomas
- answer-Epithelial tissue
Carrier testing
- answer-Used to find those who "carries" mutation linked to disease
-autosomal recessive
-may be asymptomatic, but can pass along mutation
Cell cycle phases
- answer-C1 - cell contents duplicated
S-synthesis of chromosomes duplicated
G2 - interphase; double check/refine
M - mitosis
G0 = cells that have stopped dividing
Chromosome changes
- answer-Anueploidy and loss of heterozygosity
Chronic complications of DM
- answer-micro and macrovascular damage to vessels
-retinopathy (blindness)
-nephropathy (CKD)
-cardiovascular (HF, CAD, HF, HTN)
-cerebrovascular (strokes)
-peripheral vascular (skin/foot lesions, infections, neuropathy)
Colorectal cancer risks
- answer-More men have it and die than women
Black people, 50+, genetics have huge impact (HNPCC, FAP), high fat diet, low
fiber/veggie/fruit, polyps, smoking
QUESTIONS AND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS |
GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED PASS!!
AAT (alpha 1 antitrypsin) deficiency
- answer-COPD
low serum level leads to low alveolar concentrations where it would severe as
protection against antiproteases
Adenocarcinomas
- answer-Ducal or glandular structures
Allele
- answer-One version of a gene at a given location along a chromosome
Anaplasia
- answer-absence of differentiation
without form; cells are variable size and shape
Anticipation
- answer-Tendency for disorders in successive generations to present at an earlier
age and/or with more severe manifestations
APC
- answer-Familial adenomatous polyposis = FAP
Rare autosomal dominant colon cancer
Autosomal dominant
- answer-Phenotype expressed in those who only have one copy of gene mutation
Autosomal recessive
- answer-Phenotype expressed in those who have two copies of gene mutation
BRCA 1 and BRCA 2
- answer-Linked to breast and ovarian cancers
,Breast cancer risks
- answer-55+, white people, genetics (BRCA1+2), obesity, diet, alcohol, hormones
1/8 develop in lifetime
Cancer Angiogenesis
- answer-Ability of tumors to form new blood vessels to receive O2 and nutrients
Therapies may trigger this vessel growth factor
Cancer energy metabolism
- answer-Cancer = parasite; extracts nutrients without needing homeostatic
environment
must grow in hypoxic/acidic environment, high glucose utilization (PET scan),
uses glycolysis for 4mmol ATP
Cancer/Tumor Staging
- answer-Different for each tumors
in situ = precancerous
Stage 1: confined
Stage 2: locally invasive
Stage 3: spread to regional structures (lymph)
Stage 4: spread to distant sites
Carcinoma in situ
- answer-Pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cell
origin
Important to detect/surveil as it may turn into cancer
Carcinoma in situ fates
- answer-1. Stable for long time
2. Progress to invasive / metastatic cancer
3. Regress and disappear
time in situ is unknown; watchful waiting or prophylactic Tx (removal)
, Carcinomas
- answer-Epithelial tissue
Carrier testing
- answer-Used to find those who "carries" mutation linked to disease
-autosomal recessive
-may be asymptomatic, but can pass along mutation
Cell cycle phases
- answer-C1 - cell contents duplicated
S-synthesis of chromosomes duplicated
G2 - interphase; double check/refine
M - mitosis
G0 = cells that have stopped dividing
Chromosome changes
- answer-Anueploidy and loss of heterozygosity
Chronic complications of DM
- answer-micro and macrovascular damage to vessels
-retinopathy (blindness)
-nephropathy (CKD)
-cardiovascular (HF, CAD, HF, HTN)
-cerebrovascular (strokes)
-peripheral vascular (skin/foot lesions, infections, neuropathy)
Colorectal cancer risks
- answer-More men have it and die than women
Black people, 50+, genetics have huge impact (HNPCC, FAP), high fat diet, low
fiber/veggie/fruit, polyps, smoking
