UNL PHIL 106: final exam 2026 Comprehensive
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Terms in this set (93)
Pluralism There is more than one fundamental moral rule
Ex: Ross
Monism There is just one fundamental moral rule
Ex: Kant's categorical imperative
How does W.D. Ross's approach to Kant- Formulate maxim, test the maxim and see if
the moral rule against promise you could achieve that purpose in a world when
breaking differ from utilitarian everyone was performing that maxim
approach and the Kantian Apply this to promise breaking
approach? Ross- said it is okay to break promises to fill
another, conflicting prima facie duty or final duty
What is a prima facie duty? A permanent, excellent but not absolute reason
to do something
How do we know what prima facie We know what prima facie duties are because
duties are? they are self evident;
Evident without any need of proof or of evidence
beyond itself
,Final duty If you have a prima facie duty to do X and dont
have a prima facie duty not to do X than you have
a final duty to do X
What do philosophers mean when Ross's theory does not provide guidance of what
they object that Ross's theory a person should do when two prima facie duties
doesn't provide any guidance? conflict
Ross's reply: is that we shouldn't expect there to
be any such rule or behavior
What is moral particularism? The belief that there are no moral rules - neither
absolute moral rules nor prima facie rules
How could one object to moral ???
pluralism?
For virtue ethics, what is the An act is morally right just because it is one that a
relationship between the questions, virtuous person, acting in character, would do in
"what is it to be a good person" and this situation
"Which actions are right"? Find out moral role models first
Ask: "what would those moral role models do in
this situation?"
The answer to that question is the right action to
do
How does virtue ethics approach to Virtue ethicists decide what is morally okay
theses questions differ from based on if their role models would do it
approaches, such as those of Kantianism and utilitarianism are the opposite:
utilitarian and Kantian? decide what actions are right if a person
performs those morally right actions they are
considered a good person
According to virtue ethicists, which An act is morally right just because it is one that a
actions are right? virtuous person, acting in character would do in
the situation
, What did Aristotle mean when he The virtue of courage
said that virtue lies in a mean Cowardice- Afraid of everything is one extreme
between two extremes?Doctrine of Rashness- not afraid of anything is the other
mean example: extreme
According to the Doctrine of Mean Aristotle
thinks that you should be somewhere in the
middle of these two extremes
He calls this fearful to the right degree, towards
the right things = courage (the mean)
How do people acquire virtue? Habitual behavior:
You know you have acquired a virtuous trait when
you feel pleasure when performing virtuous
actions
"You can't come up with a precise set of moral
rules and principles but a person with "practice
and wisdom" will see what the right thing to do is
Explain some objections to virtue 1. Its too demanding
ethics 2. It gives the wrong answer in some cases
(sometimes when we ask what would a virtuous
person do it is the wrong answer)
3. It doesn't tell us how to pick role models
4. It doesn't tell us what we should do when there
is more than one role model who should we
follow
5. Euthryphro objection
Euthyphro objection to virtue ethics "Why does this virtuous person help someone in
need?"
1. For no reason at all?
-That's not really virtuous, so he wouldn't be a
virtuous person
2. For a reason?
-Then those reasons for helping someone and
not the fact that a virtuous person would help
explains why it is right to help
Questions And Verified Answers/ Complete
Solutions With Rationales |Get It 100%
Accurate!!
Save
Terms in this set (93)
Pluralism There is more than one fundamental moral rule
Ex: Ross
Monism There is just one fundamental moral rule
Ex: Kant's categorical imperative
How does W.D. Ross's approach to Kant- Formulate maxim, test the maxim and see if
the moral rule against promise you could achieve that purpose in a world when
breaking differ from utilitarian everyone was performing that maxim
approach and the Kantian Apply this to promise breaking
approach? Ross- said it is okay to break promises to fill
another, conflicting prima facie duty or final duty
What is a prima facie duty? A permanent, excellent but not absolute reason
to do something
How do we know what prima facie We know what prima facie duties are because
duties are? they are self evident;
Evident without any need of proof or of evidence
beyond itself
,Final duty If you have a prima facie duty to do X and dont
have a prima facie duty not to do X than you have
a final duty to do X
What do philosophers mean when Ross's theory does not provide guidance of what
they object that Ross's theory a person should do when two prima facie duties
doesn't provide any guidance? conflict
Ross's reply: is that we shouldn't expect there to
be any such rule or behavior
What is moral particularism? The belief that there are no moral rules - neither
absolute moral rules nor prima facie rules
How could one object to moral ???
pluralism?
For virtue ethics, what is the An act is morally right just because it is one that a
relationship between the questions, virtuous person, acting in character, would do in
"what is it to be a good person" and this situation
"Which actions are right"? Find out moral role models first
Ask: "what would those moral role models do in
this situation?"
The answer to that question is the right action to
do
How does virtue ethics approach to Virtue ethicists decide what is morally okay
theses questions differ from based on if their role models would do it
approaches, such as those of Kantianism and utilitarianism are the opposite:
utilitarian and Kantian? decide what actions are right if a person
performs those morally right actions they are
considered a good person
According to virtue ethicists, which An act is morally right just because it is one that a
actions are right? virtuous person, acting in character would do in
the situation
, What did Aristotle mean when he The virtue of courage
said that virtue lies in a mean Cowardice- Afraid of everything is one extreme
between two extremes?Doctrine of Rashness- not afraid of anything is the other
mean example: extreme
According to the Doctrine of Mean Aristotle
thinks that you should be somewhere in the
middle of these two extremes
He calls this fearful to the right degree, towards
the right things = courage (the mean)
How do people acquire virtue? Habitual behavior:
You know you have acquired a virtuous trait when
you feel pleasure when performing virtuous
actions
"You can't come up with a precise set of moral
rules and principles but a person with "practice
and wisdom" will see what the right thing to do is
Explain some objections to virtue 1. Its too demanding
ethics 2. It gives the wrong answer in some cases
(sometimes when we ask what would a virtuous
person do it is the wrong answer)
3. It doesn't tell us how to pick role models
4. It doesn't tell us what we should do when there
is more than one role model who should we
follow
5. Euthryphro objection
Euthyphro objection to virtue ethics "Why does this virtuous person help someone in
need?"
1. For no reason at all?
-That's not really virtuous, so he wouldn't be a
virtuous person
2. For a reason?
-Then those reasons for helping someone and
not the fact that a virtuous person would help
explains why it is right to help
