TEST BANK
** All Chapters included
** Answers to Review Questions
** Answers to Concept Check Questions
** Answers to Synthesis Questions
** Answers to Quantitative Questions
,Table of Contents are given below
1. Introduction to Physiological Principles
2. Physiological Evolution of Animals (NEW)
3. Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Cell Physiology
4. Cell Signaling and Endocrine Regulation
5. Neuron Structure and Function
6. Cellular Movement and Muscles
7. Sensory Systems
8. Functional Organization of Nervous Systems
9. Circulatory Systems
10. Immune Systems (NEW)
11. Respiratory Systems
12. Locomotion
13. Ion and Water Balance
14. Digestion and Energy Metabolism
15. Thermal Physiology
16. Reproductive Physiology
,Chapter 1 Introduction to Physiological Principles
Answers to Concept Check Questions
1. How would you define physiology?
Answer
It is the study of the functioning of biological structures and systems, or how organisms work.
2. What is a model organism in the context of physiological research?
Answer
The August Krogh Principle suggests that “for any biological question, there is an organism on which it can be most
conveniently studied.” A model organism is a convenient animal on which to study a biological question. Squid, for
example, was an early model to study neuronal function because of the size of its giant axon.
3. Why do the rates of biochemical reactions increase as temperature increases? Do they do so infinitely?
Answer
Temperature increases the thermal energy of molecules and increases the number of collisions between molecules.
Because most reactions require molecular collisions, increasing the rate of collisions will increase the rate of
reactions. This increase does not continue to infinity as temperature increases because at high temperatures many of
the intermolecular bonds that stabilize protein structure start to break, causing proteins to unfold and denature. When
proteins are unfolded they are unable to perform their functions. Because most biochemical reactions only occur at
high rates because of the actions of protein catalysts, reaction rates decline when the catalysts begin to denature.
4. What is allometric scaling?
Answer
Some processes or structures change in direct proportion to body mass, which is called isometric scaling. If the
process or structure changes disproportionately with body mass, it is considered to scale allometrically.
5. What is an adaptation?
Answer
An adaptation is a trait that arose via a process such as natural selection and that causes an increase in reproductive
success.
6. Distinguish between homology and analogy.
Answer
Homology describes a pattern where a trait that is present in two taxa is inherited from a common ancestor. These
traits may or may not be similar in appearance and function in the two taxa. For example, bird wings and human arms
appear to be quite different, but they are actually homologous because they both evolved from the forelimbs of a four-
legged ancestor.
1
, Analogy describes a pattern where a trait is used for a similar function in two taxa, but is not inherited from a common
ancestor. For example, the camera-type eyes of vertebrates and cephalopods were derived from the non-camera eyes
of the closest relatives of each of these groups. This independent derivation suggests that these eyes are not
homologous, but instead are analogous.
7. What is homeostasis?
Answer
Homeostasis is the regulation or maintenance of internal conditions within a narrow range, despite changes in the
external environment.
8. Distinguish between acclimation, acclimatization, polyphenism, and phenotypic plasticity.
Answer
Acclimatization is a reversible phenotypic change produced from variations in natural environmental conditions,
usually working in combination (for example, low temperature and short day length in the winter).
Acclimation is similar but describes the process of reversible phenotypic adjustment in response to a single
environmental variable, usually in an artificial (e.g. laboratory) environment.
Polyphenism occurs when different environments lead to discrete alternative phenotypes. For example, developmental
plasticity can lead to polyphenism that is often irreversible.
Phenotypic plasticity is a general term that reflects the ability of a single genotype to result in multiple phenotypes as
a result of the environment; thus acclimation, acclimatization, and polyphenism are all types of phenotypic plasticity.
2
** All Chapters included
** Answers to Review Questions
** Answers to Concept Check Questions
** Answers to Synthesis Questions
** Answers to Quantitative Questions
,Table of Contents are given below
1. Introduction to Physiological Principles
2. Physiological Evolution of Animals (NEW)
3. Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Cell Physiology
4. Cell Signaling and Endocrine Regulation
5. Neuron Structure and Function
6. Cellular Movement and Muscles
7. Sensory Systems
8. Functional Organization of Nervous Systems
9. Circulatory Systems
10. Immune Systems (NEW)
11. Respiratory Systems
12. Locomotion
13. Ion and Water Balance
14. Digestion and Energy Metabolism
15. Thermal Physiology
16. Reproductive Physiology
,Chapter 1 Introduction to Physiological Principles
Answers to Concept Check Questions
1. How would you define physiology?
Answer
It is the study of the functioning of biological structures and systems, or how organisms work.
2. What is a model organism in the context of physiological research?
Answer
The August Krogh Principle suggests that “for any biological question, there is an organism on which it can be most
conveniently studied.” A model organism is a convenient animal on which to study a biological question. Squid, for
example, was an early model to study neuronal function because of the size of its giant axon.
3. Why do the rates of biochemical reactions increase as temperature increases? Do they do so infinitely?
Answer
Temperature increases the thermal energy of molecules and increases the number of collisions between molecules.
Because most reactions require molecular collisions, increasing the rate of collisions will increase the rate of
reactions. This increase does not continue to infinity as temperature increases because at high temperatures many of
the intermolecular bonds that stabilize protein structure start to break, causing proteins to unfold and denature. When
proteins are unfolded they are unable to perform their functions. Because most biochemical reactions only occur at
high rates because of the actions of protein catalysts, reaction rates decline when the catalysts begin to denature.
4. What is allometric scaling?
Answer
Some processes or structures change in direct proportion to body mass, which is called isometric scaling. If the
process or structure changes disproportionately with body mass, it is considered to scale allometrically.
5. What is an adaptation?
Answer
An adaptation is a trait that arose via a process such as natural selection and that causes an increase in reproductive
success.
6. Distinguish between homology and analogy.
Answer
Homology describes a pattern where a trait that is present in two taxa is inherited from a common ancestor. These
traits may or may not be similar in appearance and function in the two taxa. For example, bird wings and human arms
appear to be quite different, but they are actually homologous because they both evolved from the forelimbs of a four-
legged ancestor.
1
, Analogy describes a pattern where a trait is used for a similar function in two taxa, but is not inherited from a common
ancestor. For example, the camera-type eyes of vertebrates and cephalopods were derived from the non-camera eyes
of the closest relatives of each of these groups. This independent derivation suggests that these eyes are not
homologous, but instead are analogous.
7. What is homeostasis?
Answer
Homeostasis is the regulation or maintenance of internal conditions within a narrow range, despite changes in the
external environment.
8. Distinguish between acclimation, acclimatization, polyphenism, and phenotypic plasticity.
Answer
Acclimatization is a reversible phenotypic change produced from variations in natural environmental conditions,
usually working in combination (for example, low temperature and short day length in the winter).
Acclimation is similar but describes the process of reversible phenotypic adjustment in response to a single
environmental variable, usually in an artificial (e.g. laboratory) environment.
Polyphenism occurs when different environments lead to discrete alternative phenotypes. For example, developmental
plasticity can lead to polyphenism that is often irreversible.
Phenotypic plasticity is a general term that reflects the ability of a single genotype to result in multiple phenotypes as
a result of the environment; thus acclimation, acclimatization, and polyphenism are all types of phenotypic plasticity.
2
