PSYC 388 INTRODUCTION TO
COUNSELLING FINAL ATHABASCA
COMPREHENSIVE TEST PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
⫸ List the major events that influenced the development of counselling
from before 1900 to 2000. Answer: Before 1900
-Counselling grew out of humanitarian concern for the lives of those
impacted by the Industrial Revolution Moral Therapy Movement
(France/Canada)
-Mental Health Movement (1900-1909) + Clifford Beers (Advocate
(with lived experience) for better mental health facilities and reform in
treatment of those with mental illness) Co-founded CMHA in 1918.
-Vocational Guidance Movement (1900-1909) + Frank Parsons
(Choosing a vocation was matter of knowledge of work, knowledge of
self, and matching two together through reasoning)
1910s to 1940s.
-Smith-Hughes Act of 1917: $$$ for vocational guidance and education.
1920s: Edward Thorndike challenged vocational orientation of
counselling, argued for the broadening of counselling.
-Psychometrics were embraced, which helped the discipline be respected
in scientific community but neglected sociology, biology, anthropology.
-1931: First mention of "counselling" in literature.E.G. Williamson in
1930s:
, -First counselling theory, which emphasized direct, counsellor-centered
approach and the counsellor's teaching, mentoring, and influencing
skills. Premise: Individuals had traits that could be integrated in variety
of ways to form factors (constellations of individual characteristics).
Counsellor must ascertain a deficiency in the client and then prescribe a
procedure to rectify the problem.
-Late 1930s: WWII created role for psychologists and counsellors in
both US and Canada: test construction, administration, scoring for
selecting and classifying military personnel.
-1939: CPA formed by E.A. Bott, George Humphrey, Roy Liddy.
-1942: Carl Rogers published Counselling and Psychotherapy, which
challenged the counsellor-centered approach of Williamson as well as
major tenets of Freudian psychoanalysis. He also emphasized the
importance of the client and gave them responsib
⫸ Identify and briefly discuss at least five important factors that have
influenced the development of counselling in Canada since 1960.
Answer: 1)Community mental health movement, which helped bring
counselling out of education and into mainstream
2) Shift in focus from remediation to prevention and emphasis on
positive psychology: growth and development of persons
3)Recognition and standardization of the counselling discipline
4)Development of and focus on helping skills (relationship, comms) as
key to discipline
5)Attention on gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity and what it's like to live
in a pluralistic society
COUNSELLING FINAL ATHABASCA
COMPREHENSIVE TEST PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
⫸ List the major events that influenced the development of counselling
from before 1900 to 2000. Answer: Before 1900
-Counselling grew out of humanitarian concern for the lives of those
impacted by the Industrial Revolution Moral Therapy Movement
(France/Canada)
-Mental Health Movement (1900-1909) + Clifford Beers (Advocate
(with lived experience) for better mental health facilities and reform in
treatment of those with mental illness) Co-founded CMHA in 1918.
-Vocational Guidance Movement (1900-1909) + Frank Parsons
(Choosing a vocation was matter of knowledge of work, knowledge of
self, and matching two together through reasoning)
1910s to 1940s.
-Smith-Hughes Act of 1917: $$$ for vocational guidance and education.
1920s: Edward Thorndike challenged vocational orientation of
counselling, argued for the broadening of counselling.
-Psychometrics were embraced, which helped the discipline be respected
in scientific community but neglected sociology, biology, anthropology.
-1931: First mention of "counselling" in literature.E.G. Williamson in
1930s:
, -First counselling theory, which emphasized direct, counsellor-centered
approach and the counsellor's teaching, mentoring, and influencing
skills. Premise: Individuals had traits that could be integrated in variety
of ways to form factors (constellations of individual characteristics).
Counsellor must ascertain a deficiency in the client and then prescribe a
procedure to rectify the problem.
-Late 1930s: WWII created role for psychologists and counsellors in
both US and Canada: test construction, administration, scoring for
selecting and classifying military personnel.
-1939: CPA formed by E.A. Bott, George Humphrey, Roy Liddy.
-1942: Carl Rogers published Counselling and Psychotherapy, which
challenged the counsellor-centered approach of Williamson as well as
major tenets of Freudian psychoanalysis. He also emphasized the
importance of the client and gave them responsib
⫸ Identify and briefly discuss at least five important factors that have
influenced the development of counselling in Canada since 1960.
Answer: 1)Community mental health movement, which helped bring
counselling out of education and into mainstream
2) Shift in focus from remediation to prevention and emphasis on
positive psychology: growth and development of persons
3)Recognition and standardization of the counselling discipline
4)Development of and focus on helping skills (relationship, comms) as
key to discipline
5)Attention on gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity and what it's like to live
in a pluralistic society
