FRESENIUS PCT NEW HIRE Guide Exam
Latest 2026/2027 Updated Verified
Questions and Solutions A+ Pass
Guaranteed
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order of urine flow? -answer
(2) Kidneys, (2) ureters, (1) bladder, (1) urethra.
Which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? -answer Removal
of waste products, and Regulation of fluid balance
What is the function of renin? -answer Renin is a hormone produced by the kidneys
with important effects on the regulation of blood pressure, and on sodium and potassium
balance
Erythropoietin -answer stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells
(RBSc).
Why must the kidney activate Vitamin D? -answer The kidney converts Vitamin D to
Calcitriol, its activated form. This activated form of Vitamin D helps to maintain good bone
health by helping absorb calcium from foods eaten
What causes renal osteodystrophy (bone disease)? -answer No longer produce
calcitriol - the active form of Vitamin D o Inadequate or lacking calcitriol causes
demineralization of the bone - bone begins to break down to release the calcium needed for
,body functioning No longer excrete excess phosphorus (PO4) o Phosphorus is found in most
foods and beverages o Increased PO4 levels cause further calcium bone loss
What are the body fluid compartments? -answer Intracellular-inside the cells •
Extracellular-outside the cells • Intravascular-inside the blood vessels • Interstitial-between the
cells
What is homeostasis? -answer Maintaining a stable internal environment
uremia -answer build up of waste
What is a semi-permeable membrane? -answer A membrane made from protein,
with small pores or holes. Only certain molecules can fit through.
At what point during the hemodialysis treatment will diffusion cease to occur? -answer
Diffusion will continue throughout the dialysis treatment until the concentration of
each electrolyte found in the patient's blood is equal to the electrolyte concentration in the
dialysate.
What is countercurrent flow? -answer Blood and dialysate flow in opposite directions
What happens to diffusion when dialyzer fibers clot? -answer Clotted fibers cause the
permeability of the fiber to be reduced or eliminated, causing a decrease in treatment
adequacy. As a result , diffusion does not occur as particles cannot diffuse across the
membrane.
What are the compartments of the dialyzer and what separates them? -answer The
blood compartment is separated from the dialysate compartment by a semi-permeable
membrane. The blood and dialysate do not mix together.
,What are three types of solutions? -answer • Hypotonic-containing less particles •
Isotonic-containing equal particles • Hypertonic-containing more particles
When is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer? -answer
Patients develop mild to severe reactions in some cases, usually seen the first half
hour of treatment. Sneezing, itching, pain at the access site, chest pain, rashing, hives, fever, all
may be symptoms of dialyzer membrane allergy, or allergy to the sterilant used in the
manufacturing process
What volume should be used for fresh fill/run off? -answer 50 ml of saline should be
drained from the arterial line and 250 ml should be drained from the venous line
When dialyzing a patient, what position should the dialyzer be in during hemodialysis? -answer
Place the dialyzer arterial end up during the treatment.
What should be checked on a dialyzer before machine set up? -answer The dialyzer
should be checked for sterility (the dialyzer should either be intact in the original packaging or if
out of the package should have all open ports capped), any structural damage and be the size
and brand that was ordered by the doctor.
What are electrolytes? -answer Electrolytes are charged particles that can conduct an
electrical current. Electrolytes in the body control motor, muscle and nerve function, and
maintain the body's homeostasis.
The most important electrolytes to consider in uremic patients are: -answer Sodium
(Na+) Potassium (K+) Calcium (Ca++) Magnesium (Mg++)
, Fluid removed during hemodialysis comes from which body fluid compartment? -answer
During dialysis fluid is removed from the intravascular fluid compartment or
bloodstream.
What is dialysate? -answer Dialysate is a non-sterile solution and its function is to
remove waste products from the blood and balance electrolytes
Dialysate is composed of -answer treated water, acid solution, and bicarbonate
solution
What electrolytes are found in the dialysate? -answer sodium (Na+) potassium (K+)
calcium (Ca++) magnesium (Mg++) chloride (Cl-)
What is conductivity? -answer Conductivity is the ability of a solution to transmit or
"conduct" an electrical current
Name four ways dialysate is checked to ensure that it is safe? -answer pH,
conductivity, monitoring the machine temperature, and a negative residual chlorine (bleach)
after routine (weekly) machine disinfection and before the first treatment after the disinfection
What is Sodium Variation? -answer also called sodium modeling is a physician-
ordered intervention to help prevent hypotension during dialysis treatment. There are three
preprogrammed "profiles" that can be ordered by the physician based on several different
comorbidities
Why is dextrose added to the dialysate? -answer Dextrose, a form of glucose, is added
to prevent hypoglycemia.
Latest 2026/2027 Updated Verified
Questions and Solutions A+ Pass
Guaranteed
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order of urine flow? -answer
(2) Kidneys, (2) ureters, (1) bladder, (1) urethra.
Which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? -answer Removal
of waste products, and Regulation of fluid balance
What is the function of renin? -answer Renin is a hormone produced by the kidneys
with important effects on the regulation of blood pressure, and on sodium and potassium
balance
Erythropoietin -answer stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells
(RBSc).
Why must the kidney activate Vitamin D? -answer The kidney converts Vitamin D to
Calcitriol, its activated form. This activated form of Vitamin D helps to maintain good bone
health by helping absorb calcium from foods eaten
What causes renal osteodystrophy (bone disease)? -answer No longer produce
calcitriol - the active form of Vitamin D o Inadequate or lacking calcitriol causes
demineralization of the bone - bone begins to break down to release the calcium needed for
,body functioning No longer excrete excess phosphorus (PO4) o Phosphorus is found in most
foods and beverages o Increased PO4 levels cause further calcium bone loss
What are the body fluid compartments? -answer Intracellular-inside the cells •
Extracellular-outside the cells • Intravascular-inside the blood vessels • Interstitial-between the
cells
What is homeostasis? -answer Maintaining a stable internal environment
uremia -answer build up of waste
What is a semi-permeable membrane? -answer A membrane made from protein,
with small pores or holes. Only certain molecules can fit through.
At what point during the hemodialysis treatment will diffusion cease to occur? -answer
Diffusion will continue throughout the dialysis treatment until the concentration of
each electrolyte found in the patient's blood is equal to the electrolyte concentration in the
dialysate.
What is countercurrent flow? -answer Blood and dialysate flow in opposite directions
What happens to diffusion when dialyzer fibers clot? -answer Clotted fibers cause the
permeability of the fiber to be reduced or eliminated, causing a decrease in treatment
adequacy. As a result , diffusion does not occur as particles cannot diffuse across the
membrane.
What are the compartments of the dialyzer and what separates them? -answer The
blood compartment is separated from the dialysate compartment by a semi-permeable
membrane. The blood and dialysate do not mix together.
,What are three types of solutions? -answer • Hypotonic-containing less particles •
Isotonic-containing equal particles • Hypertonic-containing more particles
When is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer? -answer
Patients develop mild to severe reactions in some cases, usually seen the first half
hour of treatment. Sneezing, itching, pain at the access site, chest pain, rashing, hives, fever, all
may be symptoms of dialyzer membrane allergy, or allergy to the sterilant used in the
manufacturing process
What volume should be used for fresh fill/run off? -answer 50 ml of saline should be
drained from the arterial line and 250 ml should be drained from the venous line
When dialyzing a patient, what position should the dialyzer be in during hemodialysis? -answer
Place the dialyzer arterial end up during the treatment.
What should be checked on a dialyzer before machine set up? -answer The dialyzer
should be checked for sterility (the dialyzer should either be intact in the original packaging or if
out of the package should have all open ports capped), any structural damage and be the size
and brand that was ordered by the doctor.
What are electrolytes? -answer Electrolytes are charged particles that can conduct an
electrical current. Electrolytes in the body control motor, muscle and nerve function, and
maintain the body's homeostasis.
The most important electrolytes to consider in uremic patients are: -answer Sodium
(Na+) Potassium (K+) Calcium (Ca++) Magnesium (Mg++)
, Fluid removed during hemodialysis comes from which body fluid compartment? -answer
During dialysis fluid is removed from the intravascular fluid compartment or
bloodstream.
What is dialysate? -answer Dialysate is a non-sterile solution and its function is to
remove waste products from the blood and balance electrolytes
Dialysate is composed of -answer treated water, acid solution, and bicarbonate
solution
What electrolytes are found in the dialysate? -answer sodium (Na+) potassium (K+)
calcium (Ca++) magnesium (Mg++) chloride (Cl-)
What is conductivity? -answer Conductivity is the ability of a solution to transmit or
"conduct" an electrical current
Name four ways dialysate is checked to ensure that it is safe? -answer pH,
conductivity, monitoring the machine temperature, and a negative residual chlorine (bleach)
after routine (weekly) machine disinfection and before the first treatment after the disinfection
What is Sodium Variation? -answer also called sodium modeling is a physician-
ordered intervention to help prevent hypotension during dialysis treatment. There are three
preprogrammed "profiles" that can be ordered by the physician based on several different
comorbidities
Why is dextrose added to the dialysate? -answer Dextrose, a form of glucose, is added
to prevent hypoglycemia.
