Solution Manual for
b b
Statistics for Nursing R
b b b
esearch A Workbookfo
b b b
r Evidence-
b
Based Practice 3rd Edit
b b b
ion Susan Grove Daish
b b b
a
,Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
Identifying Levels of EXERCISE
Measurement: Nominal,
Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio
1
Thebquestionsbarebinbboldbfollowedbbybanswers.
1. InbTableb1,bidentifybtheblevelbofbmeasurementbforbthebcurrentbtherapybvariable.bProvidebabr
ationalebforbyourbanswer.
Answer:bThebcurrentbtherapybvariablebwasbmeasuredbatbthebnominalblevel.bThesebdrugbcategoriesb
werebprobablybdevelopedbtobbebexhaustivebforbthisbstudybandbincludedbthebcategoriesbofbdrugsbthebs
ubjectsbwerebreceiving.bHowever,bthebcategoriesbarebnotbexclusive,bsincebpatientsbarebusuallybonb
morebthanbonebcategorybofbthesebdrugsbtobmanagebtheirbhealthbproblems.bThebcurrentbtherapiesbar
ebnotbmeasuredbatbthebordinalblevelbbecausebtheybcannotbbebrankbordered,bsincebnobdrugbcategorybca
nbbebconsideredbmoreborblessbbeneficialbthanbanotherbdrugbcategoryb(seebFigureb1-
1;bGroveb&bGray,b2019).
2. Whatb isb theb modeb forb theb currentb therapyb variableb inb thisb study?b Provideb ab rationaleb forb
yourbanswer.
Answer:b Theb modeb forb currentb therapyb wasb βbblocker.b Ab totalb ofb 100b (94%)b ofb theb cardiacb patients
wereb receivingb thisb categoryb ofb drug,b whichb wasb theb mostb commonb prescribedb drugb forb thisbs
ample.
3. WhatbstatisticsbwerebconductedbtobdescribebthebBMIbofbthebcardiacbpatientsbinbthisbsample?
Discussbwhetherbthesebanalysisbtechniquesbwerebappropriateborbinappropriate.
b
Answer:b BMIb wasb describedb withb ab meanb andb standardb deviationb (SD).b BMIb measurementb resultedbi
nbratio-levelbdatabwithbcontinuousbvaluesbandbanbabsolutebzerob(Stoneb&bFrazier,b2017).bRatio-
blevel bdata bshouldbbebanalyzedbwithbparametric bstatistics bsuch basbthe bmeanbandbSDb(Grove b& bGray,b
2017;bKnapp,b2017).
4. Researchersbusedbthebfollowingbitembtobmeasurebregisteredbnurses’b(RNs)bincomebinbabstudy:b
WhatbcategorybidentifiesbyourbcurrentbincomebasbanbRN?
a.b Lessbthanb$50,000
b.b $50,000btob59,999
c.b $60,000btob69,999
d.b $70,000btob80,000
e.b $80,000borbgreater
Whatb levelb ofb measurementb isb thisb incomeb variable?b Doesb theb incomeb variableb followb theb
rulesboutlinedbinbFigureb1-1?bProvidebabrationalebforbyourbanswer.
Answer:b Inb thisb example,b theb incomeb variablebisb measuredbatbtheb ordinalb level.b Theb incomeb catego-
bries barebexhaustive, brangingbfrom bless bthanb$50,000 btobgreater bthanb$80,000. bThe btwobopen-ended
AGb1-1
,AGb1-2 Answerb Guidelinesb forb Questionsb tob Beb Graded
categoriesbensurebthatballbsalaryblevelsbarebcovered.bThebcategoriesbarebnotbexclusive,bsincebcatego-
riesb(d)bandb(e)bincludebanb$80,000bsalary,bsobstudybparticipantsbmakingb$80,000bmightbmarkbeith
b
erb (d)b orb (e)b orb bothb categories,b resultingb inb erroneousb data.b Categoryb (e)b couldb beb changedbtobgr
eaterbthanb$80,000,bmakingbthebcategoriesbexclusive.bThebcategoriesbcanbbebrankborderedbfrombth
eblowestbsalarybtobthebhighestbsalary,bwhichbisbconsistentbwithbordinalbdatab(Groveb&bGray,b2019;b
Waltzbetbal.,b2017).
5. WhatblevelbofbmeasurementbisbthebCDSbscore?bProvidebabrationalebforbyourbanswer.
Answer:bThebCDSbscorebisbatbthebintervalblevelbofbmeasurement.bThebCDSbisbab26-
itembLikertbscalebdevelopedbtobmeasurebdepressionbinbcardiacbpatients.bStudybparticipantsbratedbt
heirbsymp-
btoms bonbabscalebof b1btob7, bwithbhigher bnumbers bindicating bincreasedbseveritybinbthebdepression bsy
mptoms.bThebtotalbscoresbforbeachbsubjectbobtainedbfrombthisbmulti-
itembscalebarebconsideredbtobbebatbthebintervalblevelbofbmeasurementb(Graybetbal.,b2017;bWaltzbetbal
.,b2017).
6. WerebnonparametricborbparametricbanalysisbtechniquesbusedbtobanalyzebthebCDSbscoresbforb
thebcardiacbpatientsbinbthisbstudy?bProvidebabrationalebforbyourbanswer.
Answer:bParametricbstatistics,bsuchbasb meanb andb SD,b wereb conductedb tob describeb CDSb scoresbforb
studybparticipantsb(seebTableb1).bCDSbscoresbarebinterval-
levelbdatabasbindicatedbinbQuestionsb5,bsobparametricbstatisticsbarebappropriatebforbthisblevelbofbdatab(G
raybetbal.,b2017;bKimb&bMallory,b2017).
7. IsbthebprevalencebofbdepressionblinkedbtobthebNYHAbclass?bDiscussbthebclinicalbimportance
bof bthis bresult.
Answer:bThebstudybnarrativebindicatedbthatbthebprevalencebofbdepressionbincreasedbwithbthebgreat
erbNYHAbclass.bInbNYHAbclassbIII,b64%bofbthebsubjectsbwerebdepressed,bwhereasb11%bofbthebsubje
ctsbwerebdepressedbinbNYHAbclassbI.bThus,basbthebNYHAbclassbincreased,bthebnumberbofbsub-
bjectsbwithbdepressionbincreased.bThisbisbanbexpectedbfindingbbecausebasbthebNYHAbclassbincreases,bc
ardiacbpatientsbhavebmorebseverebphysicalbsymptoms,bwhichbusuallybresultbinbemotionalbdistress,bs
uchb asb depression.b Nursesb needb tob activelyb assessb cardiacb patientsb forb depression,b especiallyb thosebin
bhigherbNYHAbclasses,bsobtheybmight bbebdiagnosed bandbtreated basbneeded.
8. Whatbfrequencybandbpercentbofbcardiacbpatientsbinbthisbstudybwerebnotbbeingbtreatedbwithb
anbantidepressant?bShowbyourbcalculationsbandbroundbyourbanswerbtobthebnearestbwholebp
ercentb(%).
Answer:bAbtotalbbofbb106bbcardiacbbpatientsbbparticipatedbbinbbthisbbstudy.bbThebbsamplebbincludedb15b
patientsbwhobwerebreceivingbanbantidepressantb(seebTableb1).bThebbnumberbbofbbcardiacbpatientsb n
otb treatedb forb depressionb wasb 91b (106b –
b 15b =b 91). b The b groupb percent b isb calculatedbbyb the b following b formula:b (groupb frequency b ÷b to
talb sampleb size)b ×b 100%.b Forb thisb study,b(91bpatientsb÷b106bsamplebsize)b×b100%b=b0.858b×
b100% b=b85.8% b=b86%. bThebbfinalbanswer b isb rounded b tob theb nearest b whole b percent b asb directed
b inb theb question. b Youb couldb havebalsobsubtracted bthe b14% bof bpatients btreated bwithbantidepressant
sbfromb100%bandbobtainedbtheb86%b whob wereb notb treatedb withb anb antidepressant.
9. Whatbwasbthebpurposebofbtheb6-
minutebwalkbtestb(6MWT)?bWouldbtheb6MWTbbebusefulbinbclinicalbpractice?
Answer:bHabetbal.b(2018)bstated,b“Theb6-
minbwalkbtestb(6MWT)bisbabmeasurebofbthebsubmaximal,bsteady-
statebfunctionalbcapacity”bofbcardiacbpatients.bThisbtestbwouldbbebabquick,beasybwaybtobdetermineb
abcardiacbpatient’sbfunctionalbstatusbinbabclinicalbbsetting.bbThisbbfunctionalbbstatusbscoreb couldb beb
usedb tob determineb theb treatmentb planb tob promoteb orb maintainb functionalb statusbofbcardiacbpatien
ts.
, Answerb Guidelinesb forb Questionsb tob Beb Graded AGb1-3
10. Howbwasbexercisebconfidencebmeasuredbinbthisbstudy?bWhatbwasbtheblevelbofbmeasurementb
forbthebexercisebconfidencebvariablebinbthisbstudy?bProvidebabrationalebforbyourbanswer.bA
nswer:bExercisebconfidencebofbthebpatientsbwithbheartbfailureb(HF)binbthisbstudybwasbmeasuredbwi
thbthebExercisebConfidencebScalebthatbincludedbfourbsubscalesbfocusedbonbwalking,bclimbing,blift
ingb objectsb ofb gradedb weight,b andb runningb (seeb theb studyb narrative).b Thisb wasb ab ratingb scalebwit
hbvaluesbrangingbfromb0btob100.bThebpatients’bscoresbforbthebTotalbExercisebConfidencebscalebandb
theb subscalesb wereb consideredb interval-
levelb datab andb analyzedb withb parametricb statistics,bsuchbasbmeansbandbSDsb(seebthebstudybnarrati
ve;bWaltzbetbal.,b2017).
b b
Statistics for Nursing R
b b b
esearch A Workbookfo
b b b
r Evidence-
b
Based Practice 3rd Edit
b b b
ion Susan Grove Daish
b b b
a
,Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
Identifying Levels of EXERCISE
Measurement: Nominal,
Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio
1
Thebquestionsbarebinbboldbfollowedbbybanswers.
1. InbTableb1,bidentifybtheblevelbofbmeasurementbforbthebcurrentbtherapybvariable.bProvidebabr
ationalebforbyourbanswer.
Answer:bThebcurrentbtherapybvariablebwasbmeasuredbatbthebnominalblevel.bThesebdrugbcategoriesb
werebprobablybdevelopedbtobbebexhaustivebforbthisbstudybandbincludedbthebcategoriesbofbdrugsbthebs
ubjectsbwerebreceiving.bHowever,bthebcategoriesbarebnotbexclusive,bsincebpatientsbarebusuallybonb
morebthanbonebcategorybofbthesebdrugsbtobmanagebtheirbhealthbproblems.bThebcurrentbtherapiesbar
ebnotbmeasuredbatbthebordinalblevelbbecausebtheybcannotbbebrankbordered,bsincebnobdrugbcategorybca
nbbebconsideredbmoreborblessbbeneficialbthanbanotherbdrugbcategoryb(seebFigureb1-
1;bGroveb&bGray,b2019).
2. Whatb isb theb modeb forb theb currentb therapyb variableb inb thisb study?b Provideb ab rationaleb forb
yourbanswer.
Answer:b Theb modeb forb currentb therapyb wasb βbblocker.b Ab totalb ofb 100b (94%)b ofb theb cardiacb patients
wereb receivingb thisb categoryb ofb drug,b whichb wasb theb mostb commonb prescribedb drugb forb thisbs
ample.
3. WhatbstatisticsbwerebconductedbtobdescribebthebBMIbofbthebcardiacbpatientsbinbthisbsample?
Discussbwhetherbthesebanalysisbtechniquesbwerebappropriateborbinappropriate.
b
Answer:b BMIb wasb describedb withb ab meanb andb standardb deviationb (SD).b BMIb measurementb resultedbi
nbratio-levelbdatabwithbcontinuousbvaluesbandbanbabsolutebzerob(Stoneb&bFrazier,b2017).bRatio-
blevel bdata bshouldbbebanalyzedbwithbparametric bstatistics bsuch basbthe bmeanbandbSDb(Grove b& bGray,b
2017;bKnapp,b2017).
4. Researchersbusedbthebfollowingbitembtobmeasurebregisteredbnurses’b(RNs)bincomebinbabstudy:b
WhatbcategorybidentifiesbyourbcurrentbincomebasbanbRN?
a.b Lessbthanb$50,000
b.b $50,000btob59,999
c.b $60,000btob69,999
d.b $70,000btob80,000
e.b $80,000borbgreater
Whatb levelb ofb measurementb isb thisb incomeb variable?b Doesb theb incomeb variableb followb theb
rulesboutlinedbinbFigureb1-1?bProvidebabrationalebforbyourbanswer.
Answer:b Inb thisb example,b theb incomeb variablebisb measuredbatbtheb ordinalb level.b Theb incomeb catego-
bries barebexhaustive, brangingbfrom bless bthanb$50,000 btobgreater bthanb$80,000. bThe btwobopen-ended
AGb1-1
,AGb1-2 Answerb Guidelinesb forb Questionsb tob Beb Graded
categoriesbensurebthatballbsalaryblevelsbarebcovered.bThebcategoriesbarebnotbexclusive,bsincebcatego-
riesb(d)bandb(e)bincludebanb$80,000bsalary,bsobstudybparticipantsbmakingb$80,000bmightbmarkbeith
b
erb (d)b orb (e)b orb bothb categories,b resultingb inb erroneousb data.b Categoryb (e)b couldb beb changedbtobgr
eaterbthanb$80,000,bmakingbthebcategoriesbexclusive.bThebcategoriesbcanbbebrankborderedbfrombth
eblowestbsalarybtobthebhighestbsalary,bwhichbisbconsistentbwithbordinalbdatab(Groveb&bGray,b2019;b
Waltzbetbal.,b2017).
5. WhatblevelbofbmeasurementbisbthebCDSbscore?bProvidebabrationalebforbyourbanswer.
Answer:bThebCDSbscorebisbatbthebintervalblevelbofbmeasurement.bThebCDSbisbab26-
itembLikertbscalebdevelopedbtobmeasurebdepressionbinbcardiacbpatients.bStudybparticipantsbratedbt
heirbsymp-
btoms bonbabscalebof b1btob7, bwithbhigher bnumbers bindicating bincreasedbseveritybinbthebdepression bsy
mptoms.bThebtotalbscoresbforbeachbsubjectbobtainedbfrombthisbmulti-
itembscalebarebconsideredbtobbebatbthebintervalblevelbofbmeasurementb(Graybetbal.,b2017;bWaltzbetbal
.,b2017).
6. WerebnonparametricborbparametricbanalysisbtechniquesbusedbtobanalyzebthebCDSbscoresbforb
thebcardiacbpatientsbinbthisbstudy?bProvidebabrationalebforbyourbanswer.
Answer:bParametricbstatistics,bsuchbasb meanb andb SD,b wereb conductedb tob describeb CDSb scoresbforb
studybparticipantsb(seebTableb1).bCDSbscoresbarebinterval-
levelbdatabasbindicatedbinbQuestionsb5,bsobparametricbstatisticsbarebappropriatebforbthisblevelbofbdatab(G
raybetbal.,b2017;bKimb&bMallory,b2017).
7. IsbthebprevalencebofbdepressionblinkedbtobthebNYHAbclass?bDiscussbthebclinicalbimportance
bof bthis bresult.
Answer:bThebstudybnarrativebindicatedbthatbthebprevalencebofbdepressionbincreasedbwithbthebgreat
erbNYHAbclass.bInbNYHAbclassbIII,b64%bofbthebsubjectsbwerebdepressed,bwhereasb11%bofbthebsubje
ctsbwerebdepressedbinbNYHAbclassbI.bThus,basbthebNYHAbclassbincreased,bthebnumberbofbsub-
bjectsbwithbdepressionbincreased.bThisbisbanbexpectedbfindingbbecausebasbthebNYHAbclassbincreases,bc
ardiacbpatientsbhavebmorebseverebphysicalbsymptoms,bwhichbusuallybresultbinbemotionalbdistress,bs
uchb asb depression.b Nursesb needb tob activelyb assessb cardiacb patientsb forb depression,b especiallyb thosebin
bhigherbNYHAbclasses,bsobtheybmight bbebdiagnosed bandbtreated basbneeded.
8. Whatbfrequencybandbpercentbofbcardiacbpatientsbinbthisbstudybwerebnotbbeingbtreatedbwithb
anbantidepressant?bShowbyourbcalculationsbandbroundbyourbanswerbtobthebnearestbwholebp
ercentb(%).
Answer:bAbtotalbbofbb106bbcardiacbbpatientsbbparticipatedbbinbbthisbbstudy.bbThebbsamplebbincludedb15b
patientsbwhobwerebreceivingbanbantidepressantb(seebTableb1).bThebbnumberbbofbbcardiacbpatientsb n
otb treatedb forb depressionb wasb 91b (106b –
b 15b =b 91). b The b groupb percent b isb calculatedbbyb the b following b formula:b (groupb frequency b ÷b to
talb sampleb size)b ×b 100%.b Forb thisb study,b(91bpatientsb÷b106bsamplebsize)b×b100%b=b0.858b×
b100% b=b85.8% b=b86%. bThebbfinalbanswer b isb rounded b tob theb nearest b whole b percent b asb directed
b inb theb question. b Youb couldb havebalsobsubtracted bthe b14% bof bpatients btreated bwithbantidepressant
sbfromb100%bandbobtainedbtheb86%b whob wereb notb treatedb withb anb antidepressant.
9. Whatbwasbthebpurposebofbtheb6-
minutebwalkbtestb(6MWT)?bWouldbtheb6MWTbbebusefulbinbclinicalbpractice?
Answer:bHabetbal.b(2018)bstated,b“Theb6-
minbwalkbtestb(6MWT)bisbabmeasurebofbthebsubmaximal,bsteady-
statebfunctionalbcapacity”bofbcardiacbpatients.bThisbtestbwouldbbebabquick,beasybwaybtobdetermineb
abcardiacbpatient’sbfunctionalbstatusbinbabclinicalbbsetting.bbThisbbfunctionalbbstatusbscoreb couldb beb
usedb tob determineb theb treatmentb planb tob promoteb orb maintainb functionalb statusbofbcardiacbpatien
ts.
, Answerb Guidelinesb forb Questionsb tob Beb Graded AGb1-3
10. Howbwasbexercisebconfidencebmeasuredbinbthisbstudy?bWhatbwasbtheblevelbofbmeasurementb
forbthebexercisebconfidencebvariablebinbthisbstudy?bProvidebabrationalebforbyourbanswer.bA
nswer:bExercisebconfidencebofbthebpatientsbwithbheartbfailureb(HF)binbthisbstudybwasbmeasuredbwi
thbthebExercisebConfidencebScalebthatbincludedbfourbsubscalesbfocusedbonbwalking,bclimbing,blift
ingb objectsb ofb gradedb weight,b andb runningb (seeb theb studyb narrative).b Thisb wasb ab ratingb scalebwit
hbvaluesbrangingbfromb0btob100.bThebpatients’bscoresbforbthebTotalbExercisebConfidencebscalebandb
theb subscalesb wereb consideredb interval-
levelb datab andb analyzedb withb parametricb statistics,bsuchbasbmeansbandbSDsb(seebthebstudybnarrati
ve;bWaltzbetbal.,b2017).
