SARAH MICHELLE BOARD REVIEW 2026
CERTIFICATION REVIEW PACK WITH SOLVED
ANSWERS
◉ What can variocele lead to? Answer: Decreased sperm count
which may lead to issues with fertility
◉ What is Balanitis? Answer: Inflammation of the glans penis (the
head of the penis)
◉ What are risk factors for balanitis? Answer: Uncircumcised, poor
hygiene, underlying skin conditions, and uncontrolled diabetes
◉ What are signs and symptoms of balanitis? Answer: Erythema,
pruritis, pain when retracting the foreskin, itching, and possible
discharge
◉ What is the most common cause of balanitis and treatment?
Answer: Candida
Treat: topical antifungal, hygiene, and assess diabetes management
◉ What is priapism? Answer: Painful, prolonged erection > 4 hours
not related to sexual arousal
,◉ What patients are at increased risk for priapism? Answer: Sickle
Cell Anemia patients- due to the potential of sickling of RBCs within
the penis. Due to the sickling the blood is unable to flow out of the
penis because essentially those vessels are clogged
◉ What is plan of care for a patient with priapism? Answer:
Emergent referral!!!!!
Prevent tissue damage and possible erectile dysfunction
◉ What are the 3 category of causes of erectile dysfunction? Answer:
Psychogenic, organic, and mixed
◉ What are examples of psychogenic causes related to ED? Answer:
Stress, anxiety, depression
◉ What are examples of organic causes related to ED? Answer:
Medications- SSRI's, neuropathy, Parkinson's, Multiple Sclerosis, etc,
Wide variety of issues
◉ If a patient can have a nocturnal erection, what cause of ED is
most likely? Answer: Psychogenic
,◉ What is the treatment of ED? Answer: Lifestyle modifications:
smoking cessation, stress reduction, and exercise
PDE-5 Inhibitors- PDE: Penis Doesn't Erect *****SAFETY: Assess
cardiac- do EKG, confirm that pt is not taking Nitrate!!!!! Will bottom
out patient's BP*****
Cognitive Behavioral therapy
◉ What is amenorrhea? Answer: Lack of menstruation
◉ What are primary and secondary amenorrhea? Answer: Primary:
No menarche by age 15- refer out
Secondary: 3-6 months of amenorrhea. Pregnancy=most common
cause, menopause, contraception, hormone deficiencies, thyroid
disorders, eating disorders, stress, obesity, etc. Management is
treating the underlying cause
◉ What is dysmenorrhea? Answer: Painful mestruation
◉ What is the difference between primary and secondary
dysmenorrhea? Answer: Primary: Painful cramps NOT related to an
underlying issue. The patient has normal pelvic organs and normal
physical exam.
Secondary: Related to an underlying issue ex. Endometriosis
, ◉ What is the treatment for dysmenorrhea? Answer: Analgesics,
contraceptives, if not controlled then refer to GYN
◉ What is menopause? Answer: Amenorrhea is present for 12
months later in life due to the fact that the ovaries are no longer
producing estrogen and progesterone.
◉ What are signs and symptoms of menopause? Answer: Occurs
between 45-55
Hot flashes, mood changes, sleep changes, dry skin, thinning hair,
vaginal dryness, weight gain. Strophic vaginitis, lichen sclerosis
◉ What is atrophic vaginitis? Answer: Thin and dry vaginal walls-
can't lead to painful intercourse, frequent infections, and vaginal
bleeding.
◉ What is the treatment for atrophic vaginitis? Answer: Vaginal
lubrication or hormone creams
◉ What are potential complications related to menopause? Answer:
Increased CV risk and osteoporosis
◉ What is treatment for menopause? Answer: Symptomatic
treatment
CERTIFICATION REVIEW PACK WITH SOLVED
ANSWERS
◉ What can variocele lead to? Answer: Decreased sperm count
which may lead to issues with fertility
◉ What is Balanitis? Answer: Inflammation of the glans penis (the
head of the penis)
◉ What are risk factors for balanitis? Answer: Uncircumcised, poor
hygiene, underlying skin conditions, and uncontrolled diabetes
◉ What are signs and symptoms of balanitis? Answer: Erythema,
pruritis, pain when retracting the foreskin, itching, and possible
discharge
◉ What is the most common cause of balanitis and treatment?
Answer: Candida
Treat: topical antifungal, hygiene, and assess diabetes management
◉ What is priapism? Answer: Painful, prolonged erection > 4 hours
not related to sexual arousal
,◉ What patients are at increased risk for priapism? Answer: Sickle
Cell Anemia patients- due to the potential of sickling of RBCs within
the penis. Due to the sickling the blood is unable to flow out of the
penis because essentially those vessels are clogged
◉ What is plan of care for a patient with priapism? Answer:
Emergent referral!!!!!
Prevent tissue damage and possible erectile dysfunction
◉ What are the 3 category of causes of erectile dysfunction? Answer:
Psychogenic, organic, and mixed
◉ What are examples of psychogenic causes related to ED? Answer:
Stress, anxiety, depression
◉ What are examples of organic causes related to ED? Answer:
Medications- SSRI's, neuropathy, Parkinson's, Multiple Sclerosis, etc,
Wide variety of issues
◉ If a patient can have a nocturnal erection, what cause of ED is
most likely? Answer: Psychogenic
,◉ What is the treatment of ED? Answer: Lifestyle modifications:
smoking cessation, stress reduction, and exercise
PDE-5 Inhibitors- PDE: Penis Doesn't Erect *****SAFETY: Assess
cardiac- do EKG, confirm that pt is not taking Nitrate!!!!! Will bottom
out patient's BP*****
Cognitive Behavioral therapy
◉ What is amenorrhea? Answer: Lack of menstruation
◉ What are primary and secondary amenorrhea? Answer: Primary:
No menarche by age 15- refer out
Secondary: 3-6 months of amenorrhea. Pregnancy=most common
cause, menopause, contraception, hormone deficiencies, thyroid
disorders, eating disorders, stress, obesity, etc. Management is
treating the underlying cause
◉ What is dysmenorrhea? Answer: Painful mestruation
◉ What is the difference between primary and secondary
dysmenorrhea? Answer: Primary: Painful cramps NOT related to an
underlying issue. The patient has normal pelvic organs and normal
physical exam.
Secondary: Related to an underlying issue ex. Endometriosis
, ◉ What is the treatment for dysmenorrhea? Answer: Analgesics,
contraceptives, if not controlled then refer to GYN
◉ What is menopause? Answer: Amenorrhea is present for 12
months later in life due to the fact that the ovaries are no longer
producing estrogen and progesterone.
◉ What are signs and symptoms of menopause? Answer: Occurs
between 45-55
Hot flashes, mood changes, sleep changes, dry skin, thinning hair,
vaginal dryness, weight gain. Strophic vaginitis, lichen sclerosis
◉ What is atrophic vaginitis? Answer: Thin and dry vaginal walls-
can't lead to painful intercourse, frequent infections, and vaginal
bleeding.
◉ What is the treatment for atrophic vaginitis? Answer: Vaginal
lubrication or hormone creams
◉ What are potential complications related to menopause? Answer:
Increased CV risk and osteoporosis
◉ What is treatment for menopause? Answer: Symptomatic
treatment
