ECP +EIJHAS JOINT CLASSES 25-26
Table of Contents ................................................................................................... 1
I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 5
1. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS ................................................................ 5
2. INTRODUCTION TO EUROPEAN JHA INTEGRATION ............................................. 5
2.1. JHA POLICY AREAS ...................................................................................... 5
2.2. PRINCIPAL JHA COOPERATION LEVELS ........................................................ 6
LEVELS .......................................................................................................... 6
TRANSVERSAL EUROPEAN JHA INTEGRATION OVERVIEW ................................ 6
2.3. COUNCIL OF EUROPE ................................................................................. 6
DEVELOPMENT AND MANDATE ....................................................................... 6
JUDICIAL COOPERATION ................................................................................ 7
CRIME AND CRIMINAL POLICY ........................................................................ 8
2.4. EC/EU INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................ 8
EC – EUROPEAN COMMUNITY PHASE.............................................................. 8
EPC – EUROPEAN CO-OPERATION PHASE ....................................................... 9
EU – EUROPEAN UNION ................................................................................. 9
II. SCHENGEN ....................................................................................................... 10
1. COE + EC/EU INTEGRATION HISTORY............................................................... 10
2. SCHENGEN .................................................................................................... 10
2.1. INITIAL AGREEMENT .................................................................................. 10
2.2. SCHENGEN IMPLEMENTATION CONVENTION (SIC) .................................... 11
RELATIONSHIP SCHENGEN – EC ................................................................... 15
ENTRY INTO FORCE ...................................................................................... 16
2.3. POST-AMSTERDAM DEVELOPMENT ........................................................... 17
AMSTERDAM TREATY .................................................................................... 17
SCHENGEN ................................................................................................. 18
SIS II + 3 NEW SIS REGULATIONS ................................................................... 18
2.4. CRISES, CHALLENGES, RESILIENCE .......................................................... 19
III. EPC AND MAASTRICHT ...................................................................................... 22
1
, 1. EUROPEAN POLITICAL CO-OPERATION EPC..................................................... 22
2. TEU MAASTRICHT ............................................................................................ 23
2.1. THREE PILLARS ......................................................................................... 23
2.2. THIRD PILLAR: JHA AREAS.......................................................................... 23
2.3. VISUAL SUPPORT | FROM EC/EPC TO EU .................................................... 24
COMMUNITIES | EPC (first phase 1950-1992) ................................................. 24
FIRST PILLAR | SECOND PILLAR | THIRD PILLAR (second phase 1992-2008) ...... 24
TEU | TFEU (third phase 2008-) ....................................................................... 24
2.4. DECISION-MAKING ................................................................................... 24
RIGHT OF INITIATIVE ..................................................................................... 24
DECISION MAKING ....................................................................................... 25
ROLE TRADITIONAL EC INSTITUTIONS ........................................................... 27
2.5. LEGAL INSTRUMENTS................................................................................ 28
JOINT POSITIONS ......................................................................................... 28
JOINT ACTIONS ............................................................................................ 28
CONVENTIONS/TREATIES ............................................................................. 29
IV. AMSTERDAM, NICE, CONSTITUTION AND LISBON............................................... 30
1.TEU POST-AMSTERDAM ................................................................................... 30
1.1. MAIN CHANGES ........................................................................................ 30
1.2. VISUAL SUPPORT FROM MAASTRICHT TO AMSTERDAM .............................. 30
1.3. DECISION-MAKING ................................................................................... 30
RIGHT OF INITIATIVE ..................................................................................... 30
DECISION-MAKING ...................................................................................... 31
ROLE TRADITIONAL EC INSTITUTIONS ........................................................... 31
1.4. LEGAL INSTRUMENTS................................................................................ 32
JOINT POSITIONS ......................................................................................... 32
JOINT ACTIONS ............................................................................................ 32
FRAMEWORK DECISIONS (NEW) ................................................................... 32
DECISIONS (NEW) ........................................................................................ 33
CONVENTIONS/TREATIES ............................................................................. 34
1.5. AFSJ: CLOSER COOPERATION ................................................................... 34
POLICE CO-OPERATION ............................................................................... 34
2
, JUDICIAL CO-OPERATION ............................................................................. 35
2. TEU POST-NICE............................................................................................... 36
3. EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION ............................................................................. 37
4. EU POST-LISBON ............................................................................................ 38
4.1. VISUAL SUPPORT FROM AMSTERDAM/NICE TO LISBON .............................. 38
4.2. GENERAL CHANGES ................................................................................. 38
FREEDOM, SECURITY AND JUSTICE ............................................................... 39
V. EU INSTITUTIONS ............................................................................................... 42
1. EUROPEAN COUNCIL ..................................................................................... 42
1.1. TAMPERE (14-15 October 1999).................................................................. 42
1.2. THE HAGUE (4-5 November 2004) .............................................................. 44
1.3. STOCKHOLM (15-16 October 2009) ............................................................ 44
1.4. 2020 (26-27 June 2014) .............................................................................. 45
2. COUNCIL ....................................................................................................... 46
3. EUROPEAN COMMISSION ............................................................................... 46
4. PARLIAMENT................................................................................................... 48
5. COURT ........................................................................................................... 48
5.1. SELECTION OF RELEVANT CASE LAW ......................................................... 48
NE BIS IN IDEM ............................................................................................. 48
LOYALTY PRINCIPLE ..................................................................................... 50
CHOICE OF LEGAL BASIS.............................................................................. 51
EUROPEAN ARREST WARRANT...................................................................... 52
DATA PROTECTION ...................................................................................... 54
VI. EU JHA POLICIES ............................................................................................... 57
1. MARKET .......................................................................................................... 57
2. INTRA AND IMMIGRATION ............................................................................... 57
2.1. INTRA-MIGRATION .................................................................................... 57
FREE MOVEMENT FOR EU CITIZENS, INCLUDING FOR WORK ......................... 57
POSTING OF WORKERS ................................................................................ 59
2.2. IMMIGRATION ........................................................................................... 60
LEGAL IMMIGRATION ................................................................................... 60
ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION ................................................................................. 61
3
,3. ASYLUM ......................................................................................................... 62
3.1. PACT ON MIGRATION AND ASYLUM ........................................................... 63
4. JUDICIAL COOPERATION ................................................................................. 64
4.1. HORIZONTAL ............................................................................................ 64
HARMONISATION ......................................................................................... 64
COOPERATION ............................................................................................ 65
MUTUAL RECOGNITION................................................................................ 66
FLANKING MEASURES .................................................................................. 66
4.2. VERTICAL ................................................................................................. 67
EUROJUST ................................................................................................... 67
EJN .............................................................................................................. 68
EPPO ........................................................................................................... 68
5. POLICE COOPERATION ................................................................................... 68
5.1. HORIZONTAL ............................................................................................ 68
AVAILABILITY AND INTEROPERABILITY........................................................... 68
5.2. VERTICAL ................................................................................................. 70
CEPOL ......................................................................................................... 71
EUROPOL .................................................................................................... 71
4
, I. INTRODUCTION
1. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
GOAL 16: peace, justice and strong institutions
1.Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere
2.End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of
children
3.Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal
access to justice for all
4.By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery
and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime
5.Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms
6.Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels
7.Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all
levels
8.Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of
global governance
9.By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration
10.Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in
accordance with national legislation and international agreements
A.Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation,
for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent
violence and combat terrorism and crime
B.Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable
development
2. INTRODUCTION TO EUROPEAN JHA
INTEGRATION
2.1. JHA POLICY AREAS
asylum, migration, border-crossing…
(judicial cooperation in civil matters: part of the effort of justice policy, not further
discussed in class)
criminal law/ criminal policy: 3 domains
- substantive criminal law: what constitutes crime, what are the offences and
what are the sanctions for those offences
- criminal procedural law: what are the rules of play of crime fighting and
investigating crime, what are the competences of the policy/judge/..., what sort
of technics and investigating matters are allowed, what about admissibility of
evidence...
->international levels may impact domestic substantive and procedural criminal law
5
, - international co-operation in criminal matters = how judicial authorities or
police and customs authorities are able to cooperate across borders (crime is
not limited to national territory)
o judicial co-operation
o police and customs co-operation (law enforcement = umbrella term for
police and customs)
o = classification used by European Union
‘security’: criminal law, criminal policy... supposed to bring more security for citizens
and society, however security is broader (military, intelligence services...)
2.2. PRINCIPAL JHA COOPERATION LEVELS
LEVELS
Council of Europe (hereafter: CoE) (limited unless for EIJHAS course)
European Union (EU)
Schengen (including Prüm)
Benelux, NATO, OSCE, G7/G20, OECD, UN (EIJHAS course only)
TRANSVERSAL EUROPEAN JHA INTEGRATION OVERVIEW
during the first 5 classes
transversal, i.e. cross-level character
- rationale: institutional and policy dynamics are interwoven
- not (entirely) following handbook/paragraph order
2.3. COUNCIL OF EUROPE
DEVELOPMENT AND MANDATE
1949
1950 ECHR | ECtHR
today: 46 countries
- Russian Federation: 28 February 1996 - 15 March 2022
- The Council of Europe is a lot bigger than the European Union (27 members)
o = 2 totally different organisations (within the EU you have the Council of
the EU and the European Council =/= Council of Europe!!!))
intergovernmental cooperation: states may decide to cooperate if they wish and to
the extend they wish (intergovernmental club of equal nations who find common
ground and built common ground and common instruments that they are all fine with)
6
, - It makes the club quiet weak as an organisation, the organisation cannot take
decisions on behalf of one of the MS
- <-> supranational (nation states have decided to given away certain powers to a
level above them)
legal instruments
- conventions, resolutions, recommendation
- conventions: seemingly strong, still weaknesses (nothing happens until states
actually take things further and are going to seek authorizations of their
parlement or authorization of their population through a referendum to actually
be bound to the treaty convention, if they approve the convention they must
move to the stage of ratification so that the convention becomes binding
o the council of Europe has a lot of conventions, but it needs to be spelled
out that the strength of an intergovernmental organisation is at best in the
fact there is a lot of ratification; and the organisation is incapable to
control that
broad mandate (including penal matters)
- judicial co-operation in criminal matters is a very important area (the council
of EU is the group were alle the so called mother conventions have been
concluded = the conventions on which all the rest built)
- judicial co-operation in criminal matters & criminal policy (including aspects of
substantive criminal law and criminal procedural law) with regard to specific
topics and/or particular offences
o sometimes the Council of EU work, especially through the different legal
instruments, may impact aspects of substantive criminal law and of
procedural criminal law (conventions can impact substantive/procedural
criminal law if MS decide it to be binding)
JUDICIAL COOPERATION
mother conventions in criminal matters (mentioned as an example, not study by hard)
- 1957 European Convention on Extradition | 3 Protocols
o signed by Belgium 1957 (in very early phase), but it took Belgium 40 years
before it moved to the stage of ratification
- 1959 European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters | 2
Protocols (about evidence collection and gathering across borders)
- 1964 European Convention on Supervision of Conditionally
Sentenced/Released Offenders (make it possible for offenders who would be
conditionally released, to be allowed to also remain mobile and be allowed free
movement (probation))
7
, - 1970 European Convention on the International Validity of Criminal
Judgements (allows to transfer sanctions through cross borders)
- 1972 European Convention on Transfer of Proceedings (allows to transfer the
prosecution possibility to another state (!sometimes even a state who has no
connection with the offence, nor the person))
o Poorly ratified, failed convention
- 1983 Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons | Protocol
- 1990 Laundering Convention | Protocol (money laundering)
- 2001 Cybercrime Convention | Protocol
- ...
CRIME AND CRIMINAL POLICY
judicial co-operation in criminal matters /criminal policy with regard to specific topics
and/or particular offences (sometimes part of the JHA acquis)
computer-related crime & criminal procedural law connected with it, corruption,
crimes against humanity/war crimes, criminal policy/justice in general, cultural
property, data protection, DNA, drugs, environmental crime, firearms, intimidation of
witnesses/rights of the defence, intolerance/racism and xenophobia, mediation,
prison, road traffic, sanctions, (sexual) offences against minors, terrorism, (victims of)
violence
->in order to understand policy you need to understand the organisation (you need to
understand the structure, function...)
2.4. EC/EU INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
EC – EUROPEAN COMMUNITY PHASE
1) Level of the European community – EC treaties Establishing the:
- European Coal and Steel Community (1951) = supranational cooperation
- European Atomic Energy Community (1957) = supranational cooperation
- European Economic Community (1957) (TEC) = supranational cooperation (this
third community is super relevant for migration, border crossing, crimes...)
o European economic community treaty was significantly changed by the
EU single act, by which the notion of the internal market was introduced
-> realisation of an internal market: area without internal borders in which
the free movement of goods, capital, services and persons is guaranteed
o Even if the focus is on economic and monetary integration in this area,
especially the free movement of persons started to become a stumbling
block (free movement of persons = free movement of (potential)
criminals)
8
, ▪ Goal European Economic Community to establish the internal
market was triggering the establishment of another cooperation
level: the Schengen cooperation level (could provide answers to
the challenges of potential criminals border crossing)
o no competence as regards criminal law (because it’s about economic
integration)
▪ however: competence to combat fraud against the EC budget on
an administrative level (economy also prompts economic crimes
and fraud an tax avoidance and corruption...)
EPC – EUROPEAN CO-OPERATION PHASE
2) Espace judiciaire Europeén/ European Political Co-operation phase =
intergovernmental cooperation
- between the Member States, cooperation outside the formal framework of the
European Communities (other areas than coal and steel, atomic energy and
economics)
*hybrid: you can agree in certain areas to transfer powers and be free to do what you
want in other areas...
EU – EUROPEAN UNION
3) Treaty on European Union (TEU) (°Maastricht Treaty, February 1992) -> bringing 1)
and 2) together
- supranational cooperation
Amsterdam Treaty (October 1997): changes TEC and TEU, integrates Schengen acquis
(Schengen protocol)
Nice Treaty (February 2001)
European Constitution (2004)
Lisbon/Reform Treaty (2007) (from TEU/TEC to TEU/TFEU)
9
Table of Contents ................................................................................................... 1
I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 5
1. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS ................................................................ 5
2. INTRODUCTION TO EUROPEAN JHA INTEGRATION ............................................. 5
2.1. JHA POLICY AREAS ...................................................................................... 5
2.2. PRINCIPAL JHA COOPERATION LEVELS ........................................................ 6
LEVELS .......................................................................................................... 6
TRANSVERSAL EUROPEAN JHA INTEGRATION OVERVIEW ................................ 6
2.3. COUNCIL OF EUROPE ................................................................................. 6
DEVELOPMENT AND MANDATE ....................................................................... 6
JUDICIAL COOPERATION ................................................................................ 7
CRIME AND CRIMINAL POLICY ........................................................................ 8
2.4. EC/EU INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................ 8
EC – EUROPEAN COMMUNITY PHASE.............................................................. 8
EPC – EUROPEAN CO-OPERATION PHASE ....................................................... 9
EU – EUROPEAN UNION ................................................................................. 9
II. SCHENGEN ....................................................................................................... 10
1. COE + EC/EU INTEGRATION HISTORY............................................................... 10
2. SCHENGEN .................................................................................................... 10
2.1. INITIAL AGREEMENT .................................................................................. 10
2.2. SCHENGEN IMPLEMENTATION CONVENTION (SIC) .................................... 11
RELATIONSHIP SCHENGEN – EC ................................................................... 15
ENTRY INTO FORCE ...................................................................................... 16
2.3. POST-AMSTERDAM DEVELOPMENT ........................................................... 17
AMSTERDAM TREATY .................................................................................... 17
SCHENGEN ................................................................................................. 18
SIS II + 3 NEW SIS REGULATIONS ................................................................... 18
2.4. CRISES, CHALLENGES, RESILIENCE .......................................................... 19
III. EPC AND MAASTRICHT ...................................................................................... 22
1
, 1. EUROPEAN POLITICAL CO-OPERATION EPC..................................................... 22
2. TEU MAASTRICHT ............................................................................................ 23
2.1. THREE PILLARS ......................................................................................... 23
2.2. THIRD PILLAR: JHA AREAS.......................................................................... 23
2.3. VISUAL SUPPORT | FROM EC/EPC TO EU .................................................... 24
COMMUNITIES | EPC (first phase 1950-1992) ................................................. 24
FIRST PILLAR | SECOND PILLAR | THIRD PILLAR (second phase 1992-2008) ...... 24
TEU | TFEU (third phase 2008-) ....................................................................... 24
2.4. DECISION-MAKING ................................................................................... 24
RIGHT OF INITIATIVE ..................................................................................... 24
DECISION MAKING ....................................................................................... 25
ROLE TRADITIONAL EC INSTITUTIONS ........................................................... 27
2.5. LEGAL INSTRUMENTS................................................................................ 28
JOINT POSITIONS ......................................................................................... 28
JOINT ACTIONS ............................................................................................ 28
CONVENTIONS/TREATIES ............................................................................. 29
IV. AMSTERDAM, NICE, CONSTITUTION AND LISBON............................................... 30
1.TEU POST-AMSTERDAM ................................................................................... 30
1.1. MAIN CHANGES ........................................................................................ 30
1.2. VISUAL SUPPORT FROM MAASTRICHT TO AMSTERDAM .............................. 30
1.3. DECISION-MAKING ................................................................................... 30
RIGHT OF INITIATIVE ..................................................................................... 30
DECISION-MAKING ...................................................................................... 31
ROLE TRADITIONAL EC INSTITUTIONS ........................................................... 31
1.4. LEGAL INSTRUMENTS................................................................................ 32
JOINT POSITIONS ......................................................................................... 32
JOINT ACTIONS ............................................................................................ 32
FRAMEWORK DECISIONS (NEW) ................................................................... 32
DECISIONS (NEW) ........................................................................................ 33
CONVENTIONS/TREATIES ............................................................................. 34
1.5. AFSJ: CLOSER COOPERATION ................................................................... 34
POLICE CO-OPERATION ............................................................................... 34
2
, JUDICIAL CO-OPERATION ............................................................................. 35
2. TEU POST-NICE............................................................................................... 36
3. EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION ............................................................................. 37
4. EU POST-LISBON ............................................................................................ 38
4.1. VISUAL SUPPORT FROM AMSTERDAM/NICE TO LISBON .............................. 38
4.2. GENERAL CHANGES ................................................................................. 38
FREEDOM, SECURITY AND JUSTICE ............................................................... 39
V. EU INSTITUTIONS ............................................................................................... 42
1. EUROPEAN COUNCIL ..................................................................................... 42
1.1. TAMPERE (14-15 October 1999).................................................................. 42
1.2. THE HAGUE (4-5 November 2004) .............................................................. 44
1.3. STOCKHOLM (15-16 October 2009) ............................................................ 44
1.4. 2020 (26-27 June 2014) .............................................................................. 45
2. COUNCIL ....................................................................................................... 46
3. EUROPEAN COMMISSION ............................................................................... 46
4. PARLIAMENT................................................................................................... 48
5. COURT ........................................................................................................... 48
5.1. SELECTION OF RELEVANT CASE LAW ......................................................... 48
NE BIS IN IDEM ............................................................................................. 48
LOYALTY PRINCIPLE ..................................................................................... 50
CHOICE OF LEGAL BASIS.............................................................................. 51
EUROPEAN ARREST WARRANT...................................................................... 52
DATA PROTECTION ...................................................................................... 54
VI. EU JHA POLICIES ............................................................................................... 57
1. MARKET .......................................................................................................... 57
2. INTRA AND IMMIGRATION ............................................................................... 57
2.1. INTRA-MIGRATION .................................................................................... 57
FREE MOVEMENT FOR EU CITIZENS, INCLUDING FOR WORK ......................... 57
POSTING OF WORKERS ................................................................................ 59
2.2. IMMIGRATION ........................................................................................... 60
LEGAL IMMIGRATION ................................................................................... 60
ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION ................................................................................. 61
3
,3. ASYLUM ......................................................................................................... 62
3.1. PACT ON MIGRATION AND ASYLUM ........................................................... 63
4. JUDICIAL COOPERATION ................................................................................. 64
4.1. HORIZONTAL ............................................................................................ 64
HARMONISATION ......................................................................................... 64
COOPERATION ............................................................................................ 65
MUTUAL RECOGNITION................................................................................ 66
FLANKING MEASURES .................................................................................. 66
4.2. VERTICAL ................................................................................................. 67
EUROJUST ................................................................................................... 67
EJN .............................................................................................................. 68
EPPO ........................................................................................................... 68
5. POLICE COOPERATION ................................................................................... 68
5.1. HORIZONTAL ............................................................................................ 68
AVAILABILITY AND INTEROPERABILITY........................................................... 68
5.2. VERTICAL ................................................................................................. 70
CEPOL ......................................................................................................... 71
EUROPOL .................................................................................................... 71
4
, I. INTRODUCTION
1. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
GOAL 16: peace, justice and strong institutions
1.Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere
2.End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of
children
3.Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal
access to justice for all
4.By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery
and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime
5.Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms
6.Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels
7.Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all
levels
8.Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of
global governance
9.By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration
10.Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in
accordance with national legislation and international agreements
A.Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation,
for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent
violence and combat terrorism and crime
B.Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable
development
2. INTRODUCTION TO EUROPEAN JHA
INTEGRATION
2.1. JHA POLICY AREAS
asylum, migration, border-crossing…
(judicial cooperation in civil matters: part of the effort of justice policy, not further
discussed in class)
criminal law/ criminal policy: 3 domains
- substantive criminal law: what constitutes crime, what are the offences and
what are the sanctions for those offences
- criminal procedural law: what are the rules of play of crime fighting and
investigating crime, what are the competences of the policy/judge/..., what sort
of technics and investigating matters are allowed, what about admissibility of
evidence...
->international levels may impact domestic substantive and procedural criminal law
5
, - international co-operation in criminal matters = how judicial authorities or
police and customs authorities are able to cooperate across borders (crime is
not limited to national territory)
o judicial co-operation
o police and customs co-operation (law enforcement = umbrella term for
police and customs)
o = classification used by European Union
‘security’: criminal law, criminal policy... supposed to bring more security for citizens
and society, however security is broader (military, intelligence services...)
2.2. PRINCIPAL JHA COOPERATION LEVELS
LEVELS
Council of Europe (hereafter: CoE) (limited unless for EIJHAS course)
European Union (EU)
Schengen (including Prüm)
Benelux, NATO, OSCE, G7/G20, OECD, UN (EIJHAS course only)
TRANSVERSAL EUROPEAN JHA INTEGRATION OVERVIEW
during the first 5 classes
transversal, i.e. cross-level character
- rationale: institutional and policy dynamics are interwoven
- not (entirely) following handbook/paragraph order
2.3. COUNCIL OF EUROPE
DEVELOPMENT AND MANDATE
1949
1950 ECHR | ECtHR
today: 46 countries
- Russian Federation: 28 February 1996 - 15 March 2022
- The Council of Europe is a lot bigger than the European Union (27 members)
o = 2 totally different organisations (within the EU you have the Council of
the EU and the European Council =/= Council of Europe!!!))
intergovernmental cooperation: states may decide to cooperate if they wish and to
the extend they wish (intergovernmental club of equal nations who find common
ground and built common ground and common instruments that they are all fine with)
6
, - It makes the club quiet weak as an organisation, the organisation cannot take
decisions on behalf of one of the MS
- <-> supranational (nation states have decided to given away certain powers to a
level above them)
legal instruments
- conventions, resolutions, recommendation
- conventions: seemingly strong, still weaknesses (nothing happens until states
actually take things further and are going to seek authorizations of their
parlement or authorization of their population through a referendum to actually
be bound to the treaty convention, if they approve the convention they must
move to the stage of ratification so that the convention becomes binding
o the council of Europe has a lot of conventions, but it needs to be spelled
out that the strength of an intergovernmental organisation is at best in the
fact there is a lot of ratification; and the organisation is incapable to
control that
broad mandate (including penal matters)
- judicial co-operation in criminal matters is a very important area (the council
of EU is the group were alle the so called mother conventions have been
concluded = the conventions on which all the rest built)
- judicial co-operation in criminal matters & criminal policy (including aspects of
substantive criminal law and criminal procedural law) with regard to specific
topics and/or particular offences
o sometimes the Council of EU work, especially through the different legal
instruments, may impact aspects of substantive criminal law and of
procedural criminal law (conventions can impact substantive/procedural
criminal law if MS decide it to be binding)
JUDICIAL COOPERATION
mother conventions in criminal matters (mentioned as an example, not study by hard)
- 1957 European Convention on Extradition | 3 Protocols
o signed by Belgium 1957 (in very early phase), but it took Belgium 40 years
before it moved to the stage of ratification
- 1959 European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters | 2
Protocols (about evidence collection and gathering across borders)
- 1964 European Convention on Supervision of Conditionally
Sentenced/Released Offenders (make it possible for offenders who would be
conditionally released, to be allowed to also remain mobile and be allowed free
movement (probation))
7
, - 1970 European Convention on the International Validity of Criminal
Judgements (allows to transfer sanctions through cross borders)
- 1972 European Convention on Transfer of Proceedings (allows to transfer the
prosecution possibility to another state (!sometimes even a state who has no
connection with the offence, nor the person))
o Poorly ratified, failed convention
- 1983 Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons | Protocol
- 1990 Laundering Convention | Protocol (money laundering)
- 2001 Cybercrime Convention | Protocol
- ...
CRIME AND CRIMINAL POLICY
judicial co-operation in criminal matters /criminal policy with regard to specific topics
and/or particular offences (sometimes part of the JHA acquis)
computer-related crime & criminal procedural law connected with it, corruption,
crimes against humanity/war crimes, criminal policy/justice in general, cultural
property, data protection, DNA, drugs, environmental crime, firearms, intimidation of
witnesses/rights of the defence, intolerance/racism and xenophobia, mediation,
prison, road traffic, sanctions, (sexual) offences against minors, terrorism, (victims of)
violence
->in order to understand policy you need to understand the organisation (you need to
understand the structure, function...)
2.4. EC/EU INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
EC – EUROPEAN COMMUNITY PHASE
1) Level of the European community – EC treaties Establishing the:
- European Coal and Steel Community (1951) = supranational cooperation
- European Atomic Energy Community (1957) = supranational cooperation
- European Economic Community (1957) (TEC) = supranational cooperation (this
third community is super relevant for migration, border crossing, crimes...)
o European economic community treaty was significantly changed by the
EU single act, by which the notion of the internal market was introduced
-> realisation of an internal market: area without internal borders in which
the free movement of goods, capital, services and persons is guaranteed
o Even if the focus is on economic and monetary integration in this area,
especially the free movement of persons started to become a stumbling
block (free movement of persons = free movement of (potential)
criminals)
8
, ▪ Goal European Economic Community to establish the internal
market was triggering the establishment of another cooperation
level: the Schengen cooperation level (could provide answers to
the challenges of potential criminals border crossing)
o no competence as regards criminal law (because it’s about economic
integration)
▪ however: competence to combat fraud against the EC budget on
an administrative level (economy also prompts economic crimes
and fraud an tax avoidance and corruption...)
EPC – EUROPEAN CO-OPERATION PHASE
2) Espace judiciaire Europeén/ European Political Co-operation phase =
intergovernmental cooperation
- between the Member States, cooperation outside the formal framework of the
European Communities (other areas than coal and steel, atomic energy and
economics)
*hybrid: you can agree in certain areas to transfer powers and be free to do what you
want in other areas...
EU – EUROPEAN UNION
3) Treaty on European Union (TEU) (°Maastricht Treaty, February 1992) -> bringing 1)
and 2) together
- supranational cooperation
Amsterdam Treaty (October 1997): changes TEC and TEU, integrates Schengen acquis
(Schengen protocol)
Nice Treaty (February 2001)
European Constitution (2004)
Lisbon/Reform Treaty (2007) (from TEU/TEC to TEU/TFEU)
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