Ramussen Clinical Pathophysiology and Nursing Assessment Exam: Cardiac
Complications and Shock (Hypovolemic, Cardiogenic, Septic), Electrolyte
Imbalances (Hypokalemia, Hyponatremia), Catecholamines and Stress Response
(Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Cortisol), Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis
(Aldosterone, Albumin, Extracellular, Intracellular, Interstitial, Intravascular
Compartments, Edema, Ascites), Inflammation and Immune Reactions
(Leukocytosis, Localized Inflammation, Type III Hypersensitivity, Active and
Passive Immunity), Hematologic Disorders (Polycythemia, Anemia, Leukemia,
Thrombocytopenia, Hemophilia, Erythropoietin, Coagulation, INR, Prothrombin
Time), Oncologic Conditions (Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma,
Metastatic Cancer Cells), Endocrine Dysfunctions (Diabetes Mellitus Types 1 and
2, DKA, Cushing Syndrome, Addison’s, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism,
Myxedema, Acromegaly, Gigantism, ADH Deficiency, Graves Disease), Renal and
Genitourinary Disorders (BPH, Pyelonephritis, Cystitis, Vesicoureteral Reflux),
Respiratory Disorders (Asthma, COPD, Emphysema, Cystic Fibrosis, Pulmonary
Embolism, Pneumothorax, Pleural Effusion, Respiratory Failure, Respiratory
Distress Syndrome) Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+
Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
Monitor heart. Complications of the heart.
Low potassium (Hypokalemia)
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol. Increase heart rate and increase in blood pressure
Catecholamines - Flight or fight response
,Plasma protein. It keeps water along with it. Water escapes into interstitial cell space. Swelling.
Fluid is in the wrong places. Fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
Function of Albumin - decrease albumin - ascites
Sodium and water retention
Function of aldosterone
extracellular, interstitial, intracellular, intravascular
Different fluid compartments
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure. Decreased albumin levels.
Causes of edema
Sign is something you see. Objective you observe is a sign. Subjective is a symptom. Symptom is
something the patient is feeling.
Signs and Symptoms
Immune complex reaction. RA and SLE
Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction examples
, Contact with allergen
Cause of contact dermatitis
Primary, secondary, tertiary
Levels of prevention
Fatal to brain- Nervous system changes
Hyponatremia
They will not listen to the signals of apoptosis cell death. They communicate and invade nearby
organs
Metastatic cancer cells
Powerhouse.
Function of the mitochondria
Helps with the production of proteins synthesis.
Ribosomes
Complications and Shock (Hypovolemic, Cardiogenic, Septic), Electrolyte
Imbalances (Hypokalemia, Hyponatremia), Catecholamines and Stress Response
(Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Cortisol), Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis
(Aldosterone, Albumin, Extracellular, Intracellular, Interstitial, Intravascular
Compartments, Edema, Ascites), Inflammation and Immune Reactions
(Leukocytosis, Localized Inflammation, Type III Hypersensitivity, Active and
Passive Immunity), Hematologic Disorders (Polycythemia, Anemia, Leukemia,
Thrombocytopenia, Hemophilia, Erythropoietin, Coagulation, INR, Prothrombin
Time), Oncologic Conditions (Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma,
Metastatic Cancer Cells), Endocrine Dysfunctions (Diabetes Mellitus Types 1 and
2, DKA, Cushing Syndrome, Addison’s, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism,
Myxedema, Acromegaly, Gigantism, ADH Deficiency, Graves Disease), Renal and
Genitourinary Disorders (BPH, Pyelonephritis, Cystitis, Vesicoureteral Reflux),
Respiratory Disorders (Asthma, COPD, Emphysema, Cystic Fibrosis, Pulmonary
Embolism, Pneumothorax, Pleural Effusion, Respiratory Failure, Respiratory
Distress Syndrome) Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+
Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
Monitor heart. Complications of the heart.
Low potassium (Hypokalemia)
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol. Increase heart rate and increase in blood pressure
Catecholamines - Flight or fight response
,Plasma protein. It keeps water along with it. Water escapes into interstitial cell space. Swelling.
Fluid is in the wrong places. Fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
Function of Albumin - decrease albumin - ascites
Sodium and water retention
Function of aldosterone
extracellular, interstitial, intracellular, intravascular
Different fluid compartments
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure. Decreased albumin levels.
Causes of edema
Sign is something you see. Objective you observe is a sign. Subjective is a symptom. Symptom is
something the patient is feeling.
Signs and Symptoms
Immune complex reaction. RA and SLE
Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction examples
, Contact with allergen
Cause of contact dermatitis
Primary, secondary, tertiary
Levels of prevention
Fatal to brain- Nervous system changes
Hyponatremia
They will not listen to the signals of apoptosis cell death. They communicate and invade nearby
organs
Metastatic cancer cells
Powerhouse.
Function of the mitochondria
Helps with the production of proteins synthesis.
Ribosomes
