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Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson, birth-1 yrs)
Responding to their basic needs by feeding, changing their diapers, cleaning, touching,
holding, and talking with them. Infant then realizes that they are a separate being, and starts
to tolerate small amounts of frustration.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Erikson, 1-3 yrs)
Achieves autonomy and self control, separates self from caregivers. Withstands delayed
gratification
Negativism abounds
Imitates adults and playmates
Spontaneously shows affection
Is increasingly enthusiastic about playmates
Cannot take turns in games until age 3 years
,Initiative vs. guilt (Erikson, 3-6 years)
Initiative leads to a sense of purpose and can help develop leadership skills; failure results in
guilt.
Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson, 6-12 yrs)
Interested in how things are made, success on personal/social tasks, outside activities,
peers, and learning.
Identity vs. role confusion or diffusion (Erikson, 12-19 yrs)
Focus is on body changes, the importance of peer culture becomes primary.
Sensorimotor (Piaget, birth-2 yrs)
Uses senses and motor skills to learn about the world.
,Sensorimotor and preoperational (Piaget, 1-3 yrs)
Differentiates self from objects, increased object permanence, beginning symbolic thought..
Preoperational, preconceptual (Piaget, 2-4 years) and intuitive phases (Piaget, 4-7 years)
Young children are able to think about things symbolically. Their language use becomes
more mature. They also develop memory and imagination, which allows them to understand
the difference between past and future, and engage in make-believe.
Concrete operational (Piaget, 7-12 yrs)
Learns by manipulating objects, no abstract thinking, understands time.
Formal operational (Piaget, 12-19 yrs)
Moves toward greater abstract thinking and less egocentricity.
, Oral stage (Freud, birth-1 yrs)
Pleasure is focused on oral activities, feeding and sucking.
Anal Stage (Freud, 1-3 yrs)
Focus is on achieving sphincter control.
Phallic Stage (Freud, 3-7 yrs)
A boy sexually desires his mother and wants to kill his father. The stage gets its name from
the child's focus on his/her genitals.
Latency (Freud, school age)
Focus on activities that develop social/cognitive skills.
Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson, birth-1 yrs)
Responding to their basic needs by feeding, changing their diapers, cleaning, touching,
holding, and talking with them. Infant then realizes that they are a separate being, and starts
to tolerate small amounts of frustration.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Erikson, 1-3 yrs)
Achieves autonomy and self control, separates self from caregivers. Withstands delayed
gratification
Negativism abounds
Imitates adults and playmates
Spontaneously shows affection
Is increasingly enthusiastic about playmates
Cannot take turns in games until age 3 years
,Initiative vs. guilt (Erikson, 3-6 years)
Initiative leads to a sense of purpose and can help develop leadership skills; failure results in
guilt.
Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson, 6-12 yrs)
Interested in how things are made, success on personal/social tasks, outside activities,
peers, and learning.
Identity vs. role confusion or diffusion (Erikson, 12-19 yrs)
Focus is on body changes, the importance of peer culture becomes primary.
Sensorimotor (Piaget, birth-2 yrs)
Uses senses and motor skills to learn about the world.
,Sensorimotor and preoperational (Piaget, 1-3 yrs)
Differentiates self from objects, increased object permanence, beginning symbolic thought..
Preoperational, preconceptual (Piaget, 2-4 years) and intuitive phases (Piaget, 4-7 years)
Young children are able to think about things symbolically. Their language use becomes
more mature. They also develop memory and imagination, which allows them to understand
the difference between past and future, and engage in make-believe.
Concrete operational (Piaget, 7-12 yrs)
Learns by manipulating objects, no abstract thinking, understands time.
Formal operational (Piaget, 12-19 yrs)
Moves toward greater abstract thinking and less egocentricity.
, Oral stage (Freud, birth-1 yrs)
Pleasure is focused on oral activities, feeding and sucking.
Anal Stage (Freud, 1-3 yrs)
Focus is on achieving sphincter control.
Phallic Stage (Freud, 3-7 yrs)
A boy sexually desires his mother and wants to kill his father. The stage gets its name from
the child's focus on his/her genitals.
Latency (Freud, school age)
Focus on activities that develop social/cognitive skills.
