BIOD 101 Module 4 Detailed Study Questions with Correct Answer Expert Graded A+

BIOD 101 Module 4 Detailed Study Questions with Correct Answer Expert Graded A+ 1. Discussion: How has DNA technology been used in agriculture, criminal investigation, and medicine? - ANSWER Agriculture: Genetically Modified Organisms increase crop yields, pest resistance, and nutritional value. For instance, corn has been modified to produce a toxin, reducing the chemical pesticides. Criminal investigation: DNA fingerprinting and PCR have been reliable tools for identifying suspects using crime scene samples such as hair, blood, or fingerprints. Medicine: DNA technology has enabled major advances in diagnostics, treatment, and prevention. A common example is Gene therapy that aims to correct defective genes that cause diseases. 2. transgenic organism - ANSWER Contain recombinant DNA from multiple sources 3. DNA sequencing - ANSWER reveals order of bases 4. DNA profiling - ANSWER detects genetic differences and STR patterns 5. embryonic stem cells - ANSWER totipotent; can become any cell 6. adult stem cells - ANSWER pluripotent; can become many but not all cell types 7. DNA probes - ANSWER detect specific sequences 8. gene therapy - ANSWER uses DNA to treat disease 9. CRISPR-Cas9 - ANSWER cuts and edits specific genes effect of modern DNA tech - ANSWER ethical issues ss - ANSWER reproductive success 12.What does greater fitness lead to? - ANSWER more likely to reproduce and send forth their genes key principles of natural selection - ANSWER Random heritable variation exists within all populations (variation is inherited by offspring), competition for resources exists, organisms most fit will have a competitive advantage, and overproduction of organisms ation - ANSWER Heritable features that improve an organism's ability to survive and reproduce; enhances reproductive success al selection eliminates - ANSWER Poorly adapted phenotypes; environment changes = phenotypes change s that cause evolution - ANSWER nonrandom mating, gene flow, mutations s that cause genetic drift - ANSWER population bottlenecks, founder effect n tumor - ANSWER An abnormal mass of cells that have not developed the ability to spread to other areas of the body nant tumor - ANSWER a mass of abnormal cells that can grow without restraint and can spread to other areas of the body tasis - ANSWER the spreading of cancer cells from one location to another in the body es - ANSWER sperm and egg cells ids - ANSWER Bacterial genetic material expresses new genes in host cells 23.Why are harmful alleles sometimes maintained? - ANSWER They are a heterozygote advantage - think sickle cell trait vs malaria id - ANSWER cells with 46 chromosomes, 2 from each parent is - ANSWER process that reduces gametes to a haploid state omes - ANSWER all chromosomes except sex chromosomes ogs/homologous chromosomes - ANSWER contain the same genes for inherited characteristics, are same size and have same location of centromeres type - ANSWER ordered display of homologous chromosomes 29.Meiosis I - ANSWER process of separation of homologous chromosomes 30.Meiosis II - ANSWER process of separation of sister chromatids ing-over - ANSWER the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring. ins - ANSWER cohesion proteins pairing together sister chromatids tonemal complex - ANSWER zipper-like protein complex bringing non-sister chromatids together into synapsis mata - ANSWER crossing over points between sister chromatids binant chromosomes - ANSWER distinct chromosomes created by crossover, carrying genetic info from both parents but not identical to parents 36.Metaphase I - ANSWER Difference from mitosis is that both chromatids of one homolog (maternal) are attached and line up to both chromatids of other homolog (paternal) to one kinetochore along plate