BIOD 101 Module 6 Exam Study Questions with Detailed Answers

BIOD 101 Module 6 Exam Study Questions with Detailed Answers 1. Cloning - ANSWER Making a genetically identical copy of DNA or of an organism. 2. genetic engineering - ANSWER Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms 3. artificial selection - ANSWER Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits. 4. Diplococci - ANSWER two cocci cells paired together 5. strepto - ANSWER chains of cocci 6. staphylo - ANSWER clusters of cocci 7. pathogen - ANSWER anything that causes disease in a human 8. causative agent of strep throat; gram positive cocci arranged in chains - ANSWER streptococcus pyogenes group A (GAS) 9. virulence factors - ANSWER agents used by a pathogen to colonize a host 10.M protein - ANSWER used by pathogen to attach directly to a host cell's surface; blocks the action of macrophages and neutrophils cidins - ANSWER protein toxins that destroy white blood cells rheumatic heart disease - ANSWER complication resulting from untreated GAS infection; antibodies meant to fight GAS bind to tissues of heart and create an inflammatory cascade ation period for GAS infection - ANSWER 1-5 days oms of GAS infection - ANSWER sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, fever; abdominal pain, headache, lethargy in younger patients le symptoms of GAS infection - ANSWER red throat, petechia, exudate, swollen lymph nodes in neck 16.Transpeptidase - ANSWER enzyme used by S. pyogenes to crosslink sugars of the peptidoglycan wall, penicillin prevents its action iella pneumoniae - ANSWER gram negative rod shaped bacillus found commensally, common culprit of nosocomial secondary infections penems - ANSWER antibiotics used to treat K. pneumoniae infections s - ANSWER outer membrane protein allowing for entry of carbapenems 20.Innate immunity mechanisms - ANSWER 1. physical barriers 2. antimicrobial proteins 3. cellular defenses 21.Interferons - ANSWER cytokine proteins secreted in response to a viral pathogen; cell signaling molecules 22.Interferon Type I - ANSWER acts as a signal to communicate with other cells to warn that a virus is present and signals self-destruction of the cell 23.Interferon Type II - ANSWER released by WBCs and directs the recruitment of other innate responses, in addition to signaling for adaptive responses 24.Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity - ANSWER coordinated response between B and NK cells; B cell encounters antigen and produces antibodies that bind to NK cells and signal the NK cell to destroy the cell attached to the other end ry immune response - ANSWER Occurs the first time an antigen is encountered. Antigen presentation, clone proliferation, and generation of plasma cells takes 5-7 days. Response peaks at 10-17 days dary immune response - ANSWER occurs through re-exposure to an antigen; happens more quickly and generates more plasma cells than primary response s - ANSWER all the daughter cells that are the same as the parent B cell and respond to one antigen