Ax x x x x x x x x x x
x
,Chapter 1 Test A
b* b* b*
MULTIPLE CHOICE b*
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
nonargumentsand identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
b* b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
workingmore and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more.
b * b* b * b* b * b* b * b * b * b * b * b *
Forty years ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical
b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b * b * b* b * b* b* b*
man performing an activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap
b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
is 90 minutes and growing.
b* b* b* b* b *
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
b * b * b* b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
b * b * b * b * b * b * b* b * b *
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
b* relaxing less.ANS: b* b * D PTS: 2 b * b *
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
other metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate
b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
blood pressure(which can cause development delays in children and high blood
b* b* b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
pressure in adults), heme production(which can lead to anemia), and sperm production.
b * b * b * b* b* b * b * b * b* b * b * b*
Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that transmit electrical impulses in the
b * b * b* b * b* b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
b * b * b * b * b * b* b* b* b* b*
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" b * b* b * b * b * b *
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
b * b * b * b * b* b * b * b * b * b*
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. b * b * b * b *
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
b* b * b * b* b * b * b * b* b *
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... b* b* b* b* b* b*
b* recall information.ANS:
b* b * C PTS: 2 b *
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous
b* b* b* b* b* b * b * b* b * b* b* b * b * b *
to choose theproper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and
b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
that extremes of emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of
b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b *
practical wisdom who have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have
b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b*
the capacity to follow the "right rule" whatever the situation.
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice b * b * b* b* b* b*
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
b * b * b * b * b * b * b* b* b *
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
b * b * b* b * b * b* b * b * b * b*
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
b * b * b * b * b * b* b * b * b * b *
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
b * b * b* b * b * b * b * b* b * b *
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and
b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b* b * b* b * b *
federal income taxand Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local
b * b* b * b* b * b * b * b * b* b * b * b *
merchants, increasing the amount these merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they
b * b * b* b* b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their employers and the
b * b * b * b * b * b* b * b * b * b* b * b* b*
b*amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b *
immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
b* b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b*
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
b * b * b * b * b * b * b* b* b * b * b * b* b *
1
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
b * b * b * b* b * b * b * b* b * b *
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
b * b * b * b* b* b * b * b*
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
b * b * b* b * b * b * b * b * b *
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times
b * b * b * b * b * b* b * b* b*
more likely to be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women
b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b * b * b* b* b*
have received significantly longer sentences for crimes against property and served longer
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
periods in prison. For both murder anddrug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
one-third less time for the same offenses than black women.
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the b* b* b * b * b * b*
U.S." b *
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups. b* b * b* b* b* b * b*
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women.
b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b*
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced.
b * b * b* b * b* b* b *
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
b* periods in prison.ANS: B PTS: 2 b* b* b * b *
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall.
b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b * b * b* b* b* b*
b There are criminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to
* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
detect unprotected PCs. Once avulnerable computer is found, these criminals install
b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
software that assists them in committing identity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
defraud online advertisers by using these zombie computers tofvisit pay-per-click ads.
b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
b * b * b* b * b * b * b* b * b * b *
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs.
b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b* b *
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads.
b * b * b* b * b * b* b * b * b*
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
b* by a firewall.ANS: E PTS: 2
b * b* b* b *
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all
b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
b observations must be made through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the
* b * b * b* b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the state of interplanetary space. The earth
b * b * b * b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
is also the most important object of comparison for planetologists.
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy b * b* b* b * b*
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space.b * b * b* b * b * b* b * b*
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists. b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy. b * b * b* b * b * b * b * b *
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through b* b* b* b* b* b*
b* the atmosphere.ANS:
b* C PTS: 2 b *
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff,
b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b * b*
communitiesabutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and
b* b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
b the makers of traditional medicines canbe persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then
* b * b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be restored, and the
b* b* b* b* b * b * b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b*
immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted.
b* b * b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b*
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned. b * b * b* b * b * b * b * b *
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. b * b * b * b* b* b *
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed.
b * b * b* b * b* b * b * b * b *
2
, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
b* be averted.ANS:
b* A PTS: 2 b * b *
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
understand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the
b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
neuron. How we feel, learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity.
b * b * b* b* b * b * b * b* b * b* b * b * b *
So, how a neuron works and how neuronscommunicate are crucial pieces of
b * b * b* b * b * b* b * b * b * b * b * b *
information in solving the puzzle of human behavior and mental processing.
b * b * b * b * b * b * b* b * b* b* b*
Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction b* b * b * b* b*
a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron. b * b * b* b * b * b * b* b *
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms. b* b * b* b* b *
c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity. b * b * b * b* b * b * b *
d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing. b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b*
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display
b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b*
other properties of living organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some
b* b* b * b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
viruses can be crystallized and stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b * b* b* b*
the capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations b* b * b * b* b* b*
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope. b * b * b* b* b * b * b *
d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease.
b * b * b * b * b * b * b* b * b * b *
e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded b* b* b* b* b* b*
b* living cells.ANS: b* B PTS: 2 b * b *
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
b critical to solving the global warming problem. Technological advances have brought
* b * b * b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
the cost of electricity generated by the wind down by82 percent since 1981. Solar
b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b * b* b* b* b * b * b *
b energy technology has made remarkable progress as new photovoltaic cells have been
* b* b * b * b * b* b * b* b* b* b* b*
developed to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly
b* b* into electricity.
b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b*
Todaythe costs of wind and solar power are becoming competitive with dirty coal- fired
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
plants.
b*
Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" b * b * b * b*
a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants. b * b * b* b * b * b * b * b * b* b *
b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981. b * b * b * b * b * b* b * b * b *
c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem. b * b * b* b * b * b* b * b * b*
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... directly b* b* b* b* b* b*
b* into electricity.ANS:
b* D b * PTS: 2 b *
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they
b * b * b* b * b* b * b* b* b * b * b * b* b * b *
did not commit. From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In
b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b*
many of these cases DNA evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame,
b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b * b* b * b * b* b* b* b *
more than 1000 prisoners were executed. For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was
b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
available. If such evidence had been available, howmay more would have been exonerated?
b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role. b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated. b * b * b* b * b * b * b *
d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available. b * b * b * b* b * b * b * b* b *
e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit.
b * b * b * b * b* b * b * b * b* b * b * b *
3
x
,Chapter 1 Test A
b* b* b*
MULTIPLE CHOICE b*
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
nonargumentsand identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
b* b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
workingmore and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more.
b * b* b * b* b * b* b * b * b * b * b * b *
Forty years ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical
b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b * b * b* b * b* b* b*
man performing an activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap
b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
is 90 minutes and growing.
b* b* b* b* b *
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
b * b * b* b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
b * b * b * b * b * b * b* b * b *
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
b* relaxing less.ANS: b* b * D PTS: 2 b * b *
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
other metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate
b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
blood pressure(which can cause development delays in children and high blood
b* b* b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
pressure in adults), heme production(which can lead to anemia), and sperm production.
b * b * b * b* b* b * b * b * b* b * b * b*
Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that transmit electrical impulses in the
b * b * b* b * b* b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
b * b * b * b * b * b* b* b* b* b*
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" b * b* b * b * b * b *
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
b * b * b * b * b* b * b * b * b * b*
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. b * b * b * b *
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
b* b * b * b* b * b * b * b* b *
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... b* b* b* b* b* b*
b* recall information.ANS:
b* b * C PTS: 2 b *
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous
b* b* b* b* b* b * b * b* b * b* b* b * b * b *
to choose theproper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and
b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
that extremes of emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of
b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b *
practical wisdom who have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have
b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b*
the capacity to follow the "right rule" whatever the situation.
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice b * b * b* b* b* b*
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
b * b * b * b * b * b * b* b* b *
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
b * b * b* b * b * b* b * b * b * b*
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
b * b * b * b * b * b* b * b * b * b *
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
b * b * b* b * b * b * b * b* b * b *
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and
b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b* b * b* b * b *
federal income taxand Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local
b * b* b * b* b * b * b * b * b* b * b * b *
merchants, increasing the amount these merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they
b * b * b* b* b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their employers and the
b * b * b * b * b * b* b * b * b * b* b * b* b*
b*amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b *
immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
b* b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b*
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
b * b * b * b * b * b * b* b* b * b * b * b* b *
1
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
b * b * b * b* b * b * b * b* b * b *
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
b * b * b * b* b* b * b * b*
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
b * b * b* b * b * b * b * b * b *
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times
b * b * b * b * b * b* b * b* b*
more likely to be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women
b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b * b * b* b* b*
have received significantly longer sentences for crimes against property and served longer
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
periods in prison. For both murder anddrug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
one-third less time for the same offenses than black women.
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the b* b* b * b * b * b*
U.S." b *
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups. b* b * b* b* b* b * b*
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women.
b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b*
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced.
b * b * b* b * b* b* b *
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
b* periods in prison.ANS: B PTS: 2 b* b* b * b *
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall.
b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b * b * b* b* b* b*
b There are criminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to
* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
detect unprotected PCs. Once avulnerable computer is found, these criminals install
b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
software that assists them in committing identity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
defraud online advertisers by using these zombie computers tofvisit pay-per-click ads.
b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
b * b * b* b * b * b * b* b * b * b *
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs.
b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b* b *
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads.
b * b * b* b * b * b* b * b * b*
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
b* by a firewall.ANS: E PTS: 2
b * b* b* b *
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all
b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
b observations must be made through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the
* b * b * b* b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the state of interplanetary space. The earth
b * b * b * b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
is also the most important object of comparison for planetologists.
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy b * b* b* b * b*
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space.b * b * b* b * b * b* b * b*
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists. b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy. b * b * b* b * b * b * b * b *
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through b* b* b* b* b* b*
b* the atmosphere.ANS:
b* C PTS: 2 b *
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff,
b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b * b*
communitiesabutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and
b* b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
b the makers of traditional medicines canbe persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then
* b * b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be restored, and the
b* b* b* b* b * b * b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b*
immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted.
b* b * b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b*
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned. b * b * b* b * b * b * b * b *
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. b * b * b * b* b* b *
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed.
b * b * b* b * b* b * b * b * b *
2
, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
b* be averted.ANS:
b* A PTS: 2 b * b *
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
understand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the
b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
neuron. How we feel, learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity.
b * b * b* b* b * b * b * b* b * b* b * b * b *
So, how a neuron works and how neuronscommunicate are crucial pieces of
b * b * b* b * b * b* b * b * b * b * b * b *
information in solving the puzzle of human behavior and mental processing.
b * b * b * b * b * b * b* b * b* b* b*
Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction b* b * b * b* b*
a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron. b * b * b* b * b * b * b* b *
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms. b* b * b* b* b *
c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity. b * b * b * b* b * b * b *
d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing. b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b*
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display
b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b*
other properties of living organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some
b* b* b * b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
viruses can be crystallized and stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b * b* b* b*
the capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations b* b * b * b* b* b*
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope. b * b * b* b* b * b * b *
d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease.
b * b * b * b * b * b * b* b * b * b *
e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded b* b* b* b* b* b*
b* living cells.ANS: b* B PTS: 2 b * b *
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
b critical to solving the global warming problem. Technological advances have brought
* b * b * b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
the cost of electricity generated by the wind down by82 percent since 1981. Solar
b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b * b* b* b* b * b * b *
b energy technology has made remarkable progress as new photovoltaic cells have been
* b* b * b * b * b* b * b* b* b* b* b*
developed to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly
b* b* into electricity.
b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b*
Todaythe costs of wind and solar power are becoming competitive with dirty coal- fired
b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
plants.
b*
Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" b * b * b * b*
a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants. b * b * b* b * b * b * b * b * b* b *
b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981. b * b * b * b * b * b* b * b * b *
c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem. b * b * b* b * b * b* b * b * b*
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... directly b* b* b* b* b* b*
b* into electricity.ANS:
b* D b * PTS: 2 b *
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they
b * b * b* b * b* b * b* b* b * b * b * b* b * b *
did not commit. From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In
b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b * b* b* b*
many of these cases DNA evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame,
b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b * b* b * b * b* b* b* b *
more than 1000 prisoners were executed. For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was
b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
available. If such evidence had been available, howmay more would have been exonerated?
b* b* b* b * b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b* b*
a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role. b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b * b *
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated. b * b * b* b * b * b * b *
d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available. b * b * b * b* b * b * b * b* b *
e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit.
b * b * b * b * b* b * b * b * b* b * b * b *
3
