UNE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM
WITH CORRECT ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECTLY WELL DEFINED ANSWERS
LATEST ALREADY GRADED A+ 2026
Ligand - ANSWERS-a signalling molecule specific to a
receptor
Contact Dependent communication - ANSWERS-cell
interacting with receptor of target cell
Paracrine and Apocrine communication - ANSWERS-involve
release of a chemical in close proximity to a target cell
Example of paracrine communication - ANSWERS-nitric
oxide release from endothelial cells causing vasodilation
,Example of Autocrine communication - ANSWERS-release of
estrogen from follicular cells
Hormonal - ANSWERS-release of chemical signals from
glandular cells transported to target cell through circulation
system
Neurohormone - ANSWERS-chemical signals released from
nervecells rather than a gland
Example of neurohormones - ANSWERS-release of ATP from
the pituitary gland
Neurotransmitter - ANSWERS-release of neurotransmitter
through a synapse to a target receptor cell
Membrane functions - ANSWERS-barrier
structure
organize
transport across the barrier
signal transduction
,Signal Transduction - ANSWERS-proteins serve as receptors,
transporters, enzymes, surface markers, CAMs
Receptors - ANSWERS-1. Ligand binds to an intergral protein
2. Ligand bind to a receptor on an ion channel resulting in
opening or closing of a channel
3. Ligand binds to receptor
Receptor Modulation - ANSWERS-ability to dine tune signals
in cells
Metabolism - ANSWERS-how cells utilize energy to do work
Energy - ANSWERS-capacity to do work
-cannot be destroyed
-can be transformed
Anabolism - ANSWERS-building reaction where we take
small molecule and construct macromolecules
- ATP is used
, Example of anabolism - ANSWERS-amino acids made into
proteins
Catabolism - ANSWERS-Break down reactions
-energy released as ATP
Cellular Respiration - ANSWERS-combustion of glucose in
the presence of oxygen
CO2 & H2O & energy
What is ATP made out of? - ANSWERS-ADP + Pi + energy
Oxidation - ANSWERS-removal of energy rich elevtrons
Three Phases of Catabolism - ANSWERS-1. Digestion
2. Glycolysis and oxidation
3. Citric Acid Cycle
Phase 1 - Digestion - ANSWERS-large molecules are broken
down into smaller subunits: proteins into amino acids,
polysaccharides into simple sugars, ad fats into fatty acids
WITH CORRECT ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECTLY WELL DEFINED ANSWERS
LATEST ALREADY GRADED A+ 2026
Ligand - ANSWERS-a signalling molecule specific to a
receptor
Contact Dependent communication - ANSWERS-cell
interacting with receptor of target cell
Paracrine and Apocrine communication - ANSWERS-involve
release of a chemical in close proximity to a target cell
Example of paracrine communication - ANSWERS-nitric
oxide release from endothelial cells causing vasodilation
,Example of Autocrine communication - ANSWERS-release of
estrogen from follicular cells
Hormonal - ANSWERS-release of chemical signals from
glandular cells transported to target cell through circulation
system
Neurohormone - ANSWERS-chemical signals released from
nervecells rather than a gland
Example of neurohormones - ANSWERS-release of ATP from
the pituitary gland
Neurotransmitter - ANSWERS-release of neurotransmitter
through a synapse to a target receptor cell
Membrane functions - ANSWERS-barrier
structure
organize
transport across the barrier
signal transduction
,Signal Transduction - ANSWERS-proteins serve as receptors,
transporters, enzymes, surface markers, CAMs
Receptors - ANSWERS-1. Ligand binds to an intergral protein
2. Ligand bind to a receptor on an ion channel resulting in
opening or closing of a channel
3. Ligand binds to receptor
Receptor Modulation - ANSWERS-ability to dine tune signals
in cells
Metabolism - ANSWERS-how cells utilize energy to do work
Energy - ANSWERS-capacity to do work
-cannot be destroyed
-can be transformed
Anabolism - ANSWERS-building reaction where we take
small molecule and construct macromolecules
- ATP is used
, Example of anabolism - ANSWERS-amino acids made into
proteins
Catabolism - ANSWERS-Break down reactions
-energy released as ATP
Cellular Respiration - ANSWERS-combustion of glucose in
the presence of oxygen
CO2 & H2O & energy
What is ATP made out of? - ANSWERS-ADP + Pi + energy
Oxidation - ANSWERS-removal of energy rich elevtrons
Three Phases of Catabolism - ANSWERS-1. Digestion
2. Glycolysis and oxidation
3. Citric Acid Cycle
Phase 1 - Digestion - ANSWERS-large molecules are broken
down into smaller subunits: proteins into amino acids,
polysaccharides into simple sugars, ad fats into fatty acids
