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NREMT Refresher/Remedial Airway, Ventilation, and Respiration (AVR) – Comprehensive EMT Respiratory System Study Guide with Verified Questions (2026)

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This document provides preparation material for NREMT refresher or remedial training focused on Airway, Ventilation, and Respiration (AVR), covering the anatomy, physiology, and emergency management of respiratory conditions in prehospital care. It explains the structure and function of the airway and respiratory system, including the nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, and lungs, along with the mechanisms of ventilation, diffusion, and oxygenation. The material also includes exam-style review topics such as oxygen delivery devices, CPAP use, respiratory control centers in the medulla and pons, ventilation–perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, hypoxia recognition, and respiratory distress versus respiratory failure. Keywords: nremt airway ventilation respiration emt airway anatomy physiology upper airway lower airway structures oxygen delivery devices ems nasal cannula oxygen therapy venturi mask oxygen delivery nonrebreather mask oxygen therapy cpap respiratory support ventilation perfusion ratio vq hypoxia hypoxemia emergency care respiratory distress assessment respiratory failure emt management pulmonary gas exchange alveoli emt airway management techniques

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Institution
NREMT
Course
NREMT

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NREMT Refresher/Remidial
(AVR) 2026 Exam Questions and
Verified Answers | Already
Graded A+



Upper Airway - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Is comprised of the Nasopharynx, Nasal

cavities, sinuses, Oropharynx, Laryngophayrynx, and Larynx


Lower Airway - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Is comprised of the Trachea, Bronchial tree,

Alveoli, and Lungs

,Support structures of the Airway - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔These structuers are

comprised of the Thoracic cage, Mediastinum, Intercostal muscles and

Acessory muscles, Diaphragm, and Phrenic nerve


Nasopharynx - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Located in the upper pharynx and ends at

the level of the uvula. Air passes though and is lined with cilia to keep

contaminates out of the respiratory tract. The mucos membrane humidfies

and warms the air passing through


Oropharynx - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Begins at the uvula and ends at the epiglottis

and contains the uvula, tonsils, hard and soft plates, and base of the

tongue. Air passes though the mouth into this


laryngopharynx (Hypopharynx) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Begins at the epiglottis

and ends at the esophagus. The epiglottis seperates the digestive and

respiratory by preventing food entering food entering the larynx when

swallowing


Layrnx - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Located anteriorly to the neck and ends at the

trachea. Consit of nine caratliges connected by muscles and ligaments


Thyroid cartalige - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Is the most superpior and biggest.

Contains a laryngeal prominece known as the Adam's apple

, Cricoid cartalige - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Is the most inferior and lowest portion of

the larynx. Only complete ring of cartalige and makes up the first ring of

trachea


Hypoid bone - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Located beneath mandible (lower jaw)

supporting airway by connecting muscles to jaw


Glotis and Vocal cords - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔White bands of thin muscles. The

cords are the narrowist part of the airway in a adult regulating air flow to

and from the lungs to produce speech. Have defensive reflexes to protect

lower airway (spasmedially close to prevent substances from entering

trachea)


Arytoid caratilges - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Pyramid shaped structures the are

essential to voice production


Trachea - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Located anterior to the espohagus, begins at the

border of the cricoid cartalige and ends at bifuracation of the left and right

main stem bronchi (carina). Consist of C shaped caralige allowing air to

travel from larynx to the lungs. Cartalingus rings allow slight collapse

posteriorly to allow food to pass though esophagus, which turn into

bronchial smooth muscles


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