PHARMACOLOGY MEDICATIONS
2026/2027 WITH 423 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS RATED A+
Pentobarbital
anticonvulsant, barbiturates
class 2 and 4, short acting 1-3 hrs
resp. depression, hypothermia
used as euthanasia agent
Primidone
anticonvulsants, barbiturates
metabolizes phenobarbital
Phenobarbital
anticonvulsant, barbiturates
class 4, long acting
increase metabolism
Diazepam
also known as valium, benzodiazepines
anticonvulsants, class 4,
Midazolam- IM, IV
Lorazepam- IN, IM, Buccal
Chlorazepate- Oral
Potassium bromide
Anticonvulsants, adjunctive, can't work alone, not by itself
Levetiracetam
anticonvulsant, can't work alone, blocks propagation to nerve impulses
,zonisamide
anticonvulsant, can't work alone, blocks calcium and sodium channels
Carfentayl
analgesic/ opiods, class 2, 10000 x pure standard, wildlife,
Reversal: diprenorphine
Opiods
narcosis- cns depression, reversible, no anesthesia
Butorphanol ( Kappa Receptor)
analgesic/ opiods, Class 4, 2-5 x standard
mixed agonist/antagonist, moderate pain, preanesthesia, long term, high affinity
for opioid receptors
Diphrenoxylate
Analgesic/ opioids, Class 5, anti diarrheal, stimulates parasympathetic system
Apomorphine
analgesic/ opioid, emesis, drug of choice to induce emesis
Naloxone ( mu receptor)
pure antagonist, reversal for pure receptor opioids
Gabapentin
anticonvulsant, can't work alone, inhibits calcium channels in the brain
Felbamate
anticonvulsant, potentiate Gaba
Phenothiazines
sedative, don't use with history of seizures,
drops BP, lowers seizure threshold, causes paraphimosis(dropped penis in equine)
Alpha 2 Antagonist
,Adrenergic Drugs, sedatives, sedative, analgesic, muscle relaxation,
norepinephrine
Bradyarrhythmia, heart block, emesis(cats)
bovine very sensitive
detomidine
xylazine
medetomidine
dexmedetomidine
sedative, alpha 2 antagonists, decrease norepinephrine, sedative, analgesic,
muscle relaxation
Diazepam, zolazepam, tiletamine, clonazepam, midazolam
anti anxiety, tranquilizers, increase gaba, more relaxation
Morphine ( Mu receptors)
analgesics/ opiods,
class 2, standard pure agonists, agonist pain killer, emesis, respiratory killer
severe pain, and preanesthesia
Hydromorphone ( Mu Receptor)
analgesic/ opiods,
class 2, 5-7 times more potent,
emesis, respiratory depression
Fentanyl ( Mu Receptor)
analgesic/ opiods, class 2,
2000 X standard, CRI, or transdermal
meperidine ( Mu Receptor)
analgesic/ opiods, class 2,
1/8 pure standard, can cause resp, depression
Etorphine
, analgesic/ opiod, class 2, 1000 X pure standard, lethal by accidental exposure
zoo, exotic,
Reversal: Diprenorphine
Diprenorphine
pure antagonist, reversal for etorphine and carfentayl
Doxopram
stimulant, cns to increase breathing, may cause seizures because of stimulation of
CNS, used with puppies kittens born without breathing
methylxanthines
stimulant, primary use bronchodilation, CNS stimulation
Lidocaine, bupivacaine, mepivicaine, proparacaine
local anesthetic, stops impulses from pt a to pt B
metoclopramide, pilocarpine ,edrophonium, neostigmine, phyostigmine,
organophosphates
parasympathetiomimetics, cholerginic
creates the same effect as ACH premeds
decreases HR, vasodilation, increase GI motility, vomiting, miosis
atropine, glycopyrolate, aminopentamide
parasympatholytic, anticholerginic, premed's blocks effects of the cholerginic
system
increase HR, lowers GI motility, mydriasis, increases salivation, reduces tear
production
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, phenylpropanolamine,
albuterol, ephedrine, xylazine
sympathomimetics, adrenergics,
stimulates sympathetic system, based on the affinity of the drug
Dopamine
2026/2027 WITH 423 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS RATED A+
Pentobarbital
anticonvulsant, barbiturates
class 2 and 4, short acting 1-3 hrs
resp. depression, hypothermia
used as euthanasia agent
Primidone
anticonvulsants, barbiturates
metabolizes phenobarbital
Phenobarbital
anticonvulsant, barbiturates
class 4, long acting
increase metabolism
Diazepam
also known as valium, benzodiazepines
anticonvulsants, class 4,
Midazolam- IM, IV
Lorazepam- IN, IM, Buccal
Chlorazepate- Oral
Potassium bromide
Anticonvulsants, adjunctive, can't work alone, not by itself
Levetiracetam
anticonvulsant, can't work alone, blocks propagation to nerve impulses
,zonisamide
anticonvulsant, can't work alone, blocks calcium and sodium channels
Carfentayl
analgesic/ opiods, class 2, 10000 x pure standard, wildlife,
Reversal: diprenorphine
Opiods
narcosis- cns depression, reversible, no anesthesia
Butorphanol ( Kappa Receptor)
analgesic/ opiods, Class 4, 2-5 x standard
mixed agonist/antagonist, moderate pain, preanesthesia, long term, high affinity
for opioid receptors
Diphrenoxylate
Analgesic/ opioids, Class 5, anti diarrheal, stimulates parasympathetic system
Apomorphine
analgesic/ opioid, emesis, drug of choice to induce emesis
Naloxone ( mu receptor)
pure antagonist, reversal for pure receptor opioids
Gabapentin
anticonvulsant, can't work alone, inhibits calcium channels in the brain
Felbamate
anticonvulsant, potentiate Gaba
Phenothiazines
sedative, don't use with history of seizures,
drops BP, lowers seizure threshold, causes paraphimosis(dropped penis in equine)
Alpha 2 Antagonist
,Adrenergic Drugs, sedatives, sedative, analgesic, muscle relaxation,
norepinephrine
Bradyarrhythmia, heart block, emesis(cats)
bovine very sensitive
detomidine
xylazine
medetomidine
dexmedetomidine
sedative, alpha 2 antagonists, decrease norepinephrine, sedative, analgesic,
muscle relaxation
Diazepam, zolazepam, tiletamine, clonazepam, midazolam
anti anxiety, tranquilizers, increase gaba, more relaxation
Morphine ( Mu receptors)
analgesics/ opiods,
class 2, standard pure agonists, agonist pain killer, emesis, respiratory killer
severe pain, and preanesthesia
Hydromorphone ( Mu Receptor)
analgesic/ opiods,
class 2, 5-7 times more potent,
emesis, respiratory depression
Fentanyl ( Mu Receptor)
analgesic/ opiods, class 2,
2000 X standard, CRI, or transdermal
meperidine ( Mu Receptor)
analgesic/ opiods, class 2,
1/8 pure standard, can cause resp, depression
Etorphine
, analgesic/ opiod, class 2, 1000 X pure standard, lethal by accidental exposure
zoo, exotic,
Reversal: Diprenorphine
Diprenorphine
pure antagonist, reversal for etorphine and carfentayl
Doxopram
stimulant, cns to increase breathing, may cause seizures because of stimulation of
CNS, used with puppies kittens born without breathing
methylxanthines
stimulant, primary use bronchodilation, CNS stimulation
Lidocaine, bupivacaine, mepivicaine, proparacaine
local anesthetic, stops impulses from pt a to pt B
metoclopramide, pilocarpine ,edrophonium, neostigmine, phyostigmine,
organophosphates
parasympathetiomimetics, cholerginic
creates the same effect as ACH premeds
decreases HR, vasodilation, increase GI motility, vomiting, miosis
atropine, glycopyrolate, aminopentamide
parasympatholytic, anticholerginic, premed's blocks effects of the cholerginic
system
increase HR, lowers GI motility, mydriasis, increases salivation, reduces tear
production
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, phenylpropanolamine,
albuterol, ephedrine, xylazine
sympathomimetics, adrenergics,
stimulates sympathetic system, based on the affinity of the drug
Dopamine
