NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UTA EXAM 1
(LATEST ) REAL QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED 03/10/2026
ANSWERS
NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology UTA Exam 1 (Latest
) Real Questions and Verified Answers | 100%
Correct | Already Graded A+.
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause?
Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM,
ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less protein
synthesis, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
How are free radicals produced?
1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
What is the body's defense against ROS?
Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
action potential
Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
3/10/2026
Threshold potential
1
, NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UTA EXAM 1
(LATEST ) REAL QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED 03/10/2026
ANSWERS
Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials
HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability:
weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials
HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia,
paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials
Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia,
seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials
Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion,
encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy
Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal
stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for
decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new
3/10/2026
homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
2
, NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UTA EXAM 1
(LATEST ) REAL QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED 03/10/2026
ANSWERS
Atrophy examples
Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy
Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation
or increased functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples
physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting /
when a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in hypertensive patients /
left ventricular hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are
capable of mitosis (cell division).
Hyperplasia examples
1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
3/10/2026
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the endometrial lining
undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for endometrial cancer
3
(LATEST ) REAL QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED 03/10/2026
ANSWERS
NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology UTA Exam 1 (Latest
) Real Questions and Verified Answers | 100%
Correct | Already Graded A+.
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause?
Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM,
ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less protein
synthesis, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
How are free radicals produced?
1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
What is the body's defense against ROS?
Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
action potential
Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
3/10/2026
Threshold potential
1
, NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UTA EXAM 1
(LATEST ) REAL QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED 03/10/2026
ANSWERS
Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials
HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability:
weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials
HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia,
paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials
Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia,
seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials
Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion,
encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy
Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal
stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for
decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new
3/10/2026
homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
2
, NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UTA EXAM 1
(LATEST ) REAL QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED 03/10/2026
ANSWERS
Atrophy examples
Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy
Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation
or increased functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples
physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting /
when a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in hypertensive patients /
left ventricular hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are
capable of mitosis (cell division).
Hyperplasia examples
1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
3/10/2026
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the endometrial lining
undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for endometrial cancer
3
