NUR 641E COMPREHENSIVE EXAM SCRIPT
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED
A+
◉ The route of administration with the highest bioavailability is.
Answer: Intravenous, putting an entire dose into a patient's vein and
bypassing absorption
◉ Intravenous route avoids. Answer: First-pass metabolism in the liver
◉ Rectal administration has. Answer: variable and erratic absorption
◉ Steady State (SS) is usually reached within. Answer: 4-5 half-lives of
a drug
◉ Half-life of a drug is. Answer: How long it takes for the drug to be
excreted from the body
- determines how frequently the drug must be administered
- predicts how long toxic effects can last
◉ First-order (linear) pharmacokinetics means. Answer: The metabolism
is directly proportional to the free concentration of the drug
,◉ Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics means. Answer: A drug is
metabolized at a constant rate per unit time
◉ CYP3A4 substrate drugs may have a decreased activity if. Answer:
Any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are used along with it
◉ Drug development process involves these steps according to the FDA.
Answer: a: Discovery: laboratory research to develop the new drugs
b: Preclinical research with animal testing for safety
c: Clinical research on healthy human subjects to assess medication
pharmacokinetics (Phase 1)
d: Clinical research in humans primarily for medication safety, usually in
a population for which the treatment is intended (Phase 2)
e: Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accept
medications or placebo for efficacy and safety (Phase 3)
f: FDA review of the results to determine approval
,g: Post marketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier
clinical studies (Phase 4)
◉ Medication safety organizations include the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA), the Institute for Safe Medication Practices
(ISMP), and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare
Organizations (JCAHO). Answer: a: The Institute for Safe Medication
Practices (ISMP)
b: The Institute of Medicine (IOM)
c: The Joint Commission
d: The National Coordinating Counsil for Medication Error Reporting
and Prevention (NCC MERP)
e: Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative
◉ Two basic types of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Answer:
Pharmacological and Idiosyncratic
◉ Percent of adverse drug reactions that are pharmacological. Answer:
85%-90%
, ◉ Adverse drug reactions are usually. Answer: Preventable, frequently
occur in a hospital or nursing home setting, and include medication
errors, adverse drug effects, and allergic and idiosyncratic type reactions
◉ Are adverse drug reactions commonly reported. Answer: No, ADRs
are not commonly reported, the FDA does not mandate that ADRs be
reported
◉ Polypharmacy. Answer: Involves using multiple health care providers
for care, using multiple medications, and using several pharmacies for
prescription filling
◉ Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). Answer:
Lisinopril, Captopril, Enalapril, Ramipril, Benazepril, Fosinopril
◉ How ACEI reduce blood pressure. Answer: ACEI reduce blood
pressure by suppressing the release of angiotensin-converting enzyme
◉ Important side effects of ACEI include. Answer: Cough and
angioedema, discontinue the ACEI if angioedema occur
◉ Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBs). Answer:
Candesartan (Atacand), Eprosartan (Teveten), Irbesartan (Avapro),
Losartan (Cozaar), Telmisartan (Micardis) and Valsartan (Diovan).
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED
A+
◉ The route of administration with the highest bioavailability is.
Answer: Intravenous, putting an entire dose into a patient's vein and
bypassing absorption
◉ Intravenous route avoids. Answer: First-pass metabolism in the liver
◉ Rectal administration has. Answer: variable and erratic absorption
◉ Steady State (SS) is usually reached within. Answer: 4-5 half-lives of
a drug
◉ Half-life of a drug is. Answer: How long it takes for the drug to be
excreted from the body
- determines how frequently the drug must be administered
- predicts how long toxic effects can last
◉ First-order (linear) pharmacokinetics means. Answer: The metabolism
is directly proportional to the free concentration of the drug
,◉ Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics means. Answer: A drug is
metabolized at a constant rate per unit time
◉ CYP3A4 substrate drugs may have a decreased activity if. Answer:
Any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are used along with it
◉ Drug development process involves these steps according to the FDA.
Answer: a: Discovery: laboratory research to develop the new drugs
b: Preclinical research with animal testing for safety
c: Clinical research on healthy human subjects to assess medication
pharmacokinetics (Phase 1)
d: Clinical research in humans primarily for medication safety, usually in
a population for which the treatment is intended (Phase 2)
e: Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accept
medications or placebo for efficacy and safety (Phase 3)
f: FDA review of the results to determine approval
,g: Post marketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier
clinical studies (Phase 4)
◉ Medication safety organizations include the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA), the Institute for Safe Medication Practices
(ISMP), and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare
Organizations (JCAHO). Answer: a: The Institute for Safe Medication
Practices (ISMP)
b: The Institute of Medicine (IOM)
c: The Joint Commission
d: The National Coordinating Counsil for Medication Error Reporting
and Prevention (NCC MERP)
e: Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative
◉ Two basic types of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Answer:
Pharmacological and Idiosyncratic
◉ Percent of adverse drug reactions that are pharmacological. Answer:
85%-90%
, ◉ Adverse drug reactions are usually. Answer: Preventable, frequently
occur in a hospital or nursing home setting, and include medication
errors, adverse drug effects, and allergic and idiosyncratic type reactions
◉ Are adverse drug reactions commonly reported. Answer: No, ADRs
are not commonly reported, the FDA does not mandate that ADRs be
reported
◉ Polypharmacy. Answer: Involves using multiple health care providers
for care, using multiple medications, and using several pharmacies for
prescription filling
◉ Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). Answer:
Lisinopril, Captopril, Enalapril, Ramipril, Benazepril, Fosinopril
◉ How ACEI reduce blood pressure. Answer: ACEI reduce blood
pressure by suppressing the release of angiotensin-converting enzyme
◉ Important side effects of ACEI include. Answer: Cough and
angioedema, discontinue the ACEI if angioedema occur
◉ Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBs). Answer:
Candesartan (Atacand), Eprosartan (Teveten), Irbesartan (Avapro),
Losartan (Cozaar), Telmisartan (Micardis) and Valsartan (Diovan).
