Page | 1
BIOL 3100 YAMPOLSKY CHAPTER
1-4 2026 LATEST QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS| ACE YOUR GRADES.
The arrangement of homologs during metaphase of meiosis I
is a random process. In your own words, explain what this
means.
It mean that the maternally derived and paternally derived
chromosomes are randomly aligned along the metaphase I
If a diploid cell contains six chromosomes, how many
possible random arrangements of homologs could occur
during metaphase of meiosis I?
There are three pairs of chromosomes. The number of different,
random alignments equals 2^n, where n equals the number of
chromosomes per set. So the possible number of arrangements
equals 2^3=8
Why is it necessary for the chromosomes to condense
during mitosis and meiosis? What might happen if the
chromosomes were not condensed?
During interphase, the chromosomes are greatly extended. In this
conformation, they might get tangled up with each other and not
sort properly during meiosis and mitosis. The condensation
process probably occurs so that the chromosomes easily align the
equatorial plate during metaphase with out getting tangled up.
How would you set up crosses to determined if a gene is Y
linked versus X linked?
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The basic strategy is to set up a pair of reciprocal crosses. The
phenotype is sons is usually the easiest way to discern the two
patterns. If the gene is Y linked the trait will be passed only from
father to son. If it is X linked the trait will be passed from mother to
son
reciprocal cross
a cross in which the phenotypes of the male and female are
reversed compared with a prior cross
Y-linked genes
genes found on the Y chromosome
X-linked
A gene carried on the X chromosome. If a male inherits an X-
linked recessive trait from his mother, he expresses that trait
because the Y from his father has no counteracting gene.
Females are more likely to be carriers of X-linked traits but are
less likely to express them.
Which of the following statements is true?
A. Not all inheritance patterns follow a strict
dominant/recessive relationship
B. Geneticists want to understand both inheritance patterns
and the underlying molecular
C. Different inheritance patterns are explained by a variety of
different molecular mechanisms
D. All the above
D
Which of the following is not an example of a wild type
allele?
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A. Yellow Flower elderflower orchid
B. Red Flower elderflower orchid
C. A Gray elephant
D. An albino elephant
D
Dominant alleles may result from mutations that cause
A. The overexpression of a gene or its protein product
B. A protein to inhibit the function of a normal protein
C. A protein to be inactive and 50% of the normal protein is
insufficient for a normal phenotype
D. All the above
D
Poldactyly is a condition in which a person has extra fingers
and or toes. It is caused by a dominant allele. If a person
carries the allele but does not have any extra fingers or toes,
this is an example of
A. Haploinsufficieny
B. a dominant negative mutation
C. incomplete penetrance
D. a gain of function mutation
C
Haploinsufficiency
The appearance of a mutant phenotype in an individual cell or
organism that is heterozygous for a normally recessive trait
dominant negative mutation
, Page | 4
Exerts a dominant effect. A heterozygote produces a
nonfunctional altered protein that also prevents the normal gene
product from functioning
incomplete penetrance
Not all individuals with a mutant genotype show the mutant
phenotype
gain of function mutation
Produces a new trait or causes a trait to appear in inappropriate
tissues or at inappropriate times in development.
A pink flowered four-o'clock is crossed to a red flowered
plant. What is the expected outcome for the offspring's
phentoypes?
A. All Pink
B. All red
C. 1 Red : 2 Pink : 1 White
D. 1 Red : 1 Pink
D
A person with type AB blood has a child with a person with
type O blood. What are the possible blood types of the child?
A. A or B
B. A, B, or O
C. A, B, AB, or O
D. O only
A
A cross is made between a white eyed female fruit fly and a
red eyed male. What would be the reciprocal cross?
BIOL 3100 YAMPOLSKY CHAPTER
1-4 2026 LATEST QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS| ACE YOUR GRADES.
The arrangement of homologs during metaphase of meiosis I
is a random process. In your own words, explain what this
means.
It mean that the maternally derived and paternally derived
chromosomes are randomly aligned along the metaphase I
If a diploid cell contains six chromosomes, how many
possible random arrangements of homologs could occur
during metaphase of meiosis I?
There are three pairs of chromosomes. The number of different,
random alignments equals 2^n, where n equals the number of
chromosomes per set. So the possible number of arrangements
equals 2^3=8
Why is it necessary for the chromosomes to condense
during mitosis and meiosis? What might happen if the
chromosomes were not condensed?
During interphase, the chromosomes are greatly extended. In this
conformation, they might get tangled up with each other and not
sort properly during meiosis and mitosis. The condensation
process probably occurs so that the chromosomes easily align the
equatorial plate during metaphase with out getting tangled up.
How would you set up crosses to determined if a gene is Y
linked versus X linked?
, Page | 2
The basic strategy is to set up a pair of reciprocal crosses. The
phenotype is sons is usually the easiest way to discern the two
patterns. If the gene is Y linked the trait will be passed only from
father to son. If it is X linked the trait will be passed from mother to
son
reciprocal cross
a cross in which the phenotypes of the male and female are
reversed compared with a prior cross
Y-linked genes
genes found on the Y chromosome
X-linked
A gene carried on the X chromosome. If a male inherits an X-
linked recessive trait from his mother, he expresses that trait
because the Y from his father has no counteracting gene.
Females are more likely to be carriers of X-linked traits but are
less likely to express them.
Which of the following statements is true?
A. Not all inheritance patterns follow a strict
dominant/recessive relationship
B. Geneticists want to understand both inheritance patterns
and the underlying molecular
C. Different inheritance patterns are explained by a variety of
different molecular mechanisms
D. All the above
D
Which of the following is not an example of a wild type
allele?
, Page | 3
A. Yellow Flower elderflower orchid
B. Red Flower elderflower orchid
C. A Gray elephant
D. An albino elephant
D
Dominant alleles may result from mutations that cause
A. The overexpression of a gene or its protein product
B. A protein to inhibit the function of a normal protein
C. A protein to be inactive and 50% of the normal protein is
insufficient for a normal phenotype
D. All the above
D
Poldactyly is a condition in which a person has extra fingers
and or toes. It is caused by a dominant allele. If a person
carries the allele but does not have any extra fingers or toes,
this is an example of
A. Haploinsufficieny
B. a dominant negative mutation
C. incomplete penetrance
D. a gain of function mutation
C
Haploinsufficiency
The appearance of a mutant phenotype in an individual cell or
organism that is heterozygous for a normally recessive trait
dominant negative mutation
, Page | 4
Exerts a dominant effect. A heterozygote produces a
nonfunctional altered protein that also prevents the normal gene
product from functioning
incomplete penetrance
Not all individuals with a mutant genotype show the mutant
phenotype
gain of function mutation
Produces a new trait or causes a trait to appear in inappropriate
tissues or at inappropriate times in development.
A pink flowered four-o'clock is crossed to a red flowered
plant. What is the expected outcome for the offspring's
phentoypes?
A. All Pink
B. All red
C. 1 Red : 2 Pink : 1 White
D. 1 Red : 1 Pink
D
A person with type AB blood has a child with a person with
type O blood. What are the possible blood types of the child?
A. A or B
B. A, B, or O
C. A, B, AB, or O
D. O only
A
A cross is made between a white eyed female fruit fly and a
red eyed male. What would be the reciprocal cross?
