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Matter in Our Surroundings
Matter:- It is a substance which occupies space and has mass.
Air, Earth, Fire, Sky and water are five basic elements, ‘The PanchTatwa’
according to the earlier Indian Philosophers everything i.e. living or non-living is made up
of these five elements.
Characteristics of particles of matter:
i). Matter is made up of particles.
ii). Particles of matter are very small in size beyond our imagination.
iii). Particles of matter have space between them. The space between particles is
known as inter particle space or intermolecular space.
Fig: Particles of matter have space between them.
Particles of one type of matter get into the spaces between particles of the other. This shows
that there is enough space between particles of matter.
Ex. The particles of sugar and salt get evenly distributed in water.
iv). Particles of matter are continuously moving:
Moving particles have kinetic energy. Particles move faster when temperature rises.
Particles of solids have very less kinetic energy while gaseous have high kinetic energy.
Fig: Moving particles possess kinetic energy
Kinetic energy:
The energy possesses by moving object is called kinetic energy.
Increasing temperature, the kinetic energy of the particles increases.
Diffusion:
The process of flow of matter from a region of high concentration to a region of low
concentration is called diffusion.
On heating, the diffusion will become faster because kinetic energy of particles will increase.
So, particles will move faster and intermixing with same or different particles.
v). Particles of matter attract each other.
The particles of matter have force acting between them. This force keeps the particles
together. Particles of solid have highest attraction force. So that these particles are very
close.
Three States of Matter
Fig: States of matter
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, Comparison of the characteristics of three states of matter:
Property Solid state Liquid state Gaseous state
Nature Hard & rigid Fluid Very fluid
Shape & Definite shape & indefinite shape but Both are indefinite
volume volume definite volume
Density High Less than solid but Very less density
greater than gaseous
Inter molecular Very small Intermediate of solid Very large
space and gas
Inter molecular Very strong Weak Very weak
force
Compressibility Negligible Very small Highly compressible
Kinetic energy Low High than solid Very high
Diffusion Negligible Slow Very fast
Effect of Change in Temperature:
The state of matter can be changed into another state by changing the temperature.
Solid can change into liquid while liquid can change into vapour upon heating.
Melting point:
The temperature at which solid melts and become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is
called melting point. Ex. The melting point of ice is 00C.
Fusion:
The process in which solid state change into liquid state by melting is known as fusion.
The Latent Heat of Fusion:
The amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of solid into liquid at atmosphere
pressure at its melting point is known as the latent heat of fusion.
Boiling point:
The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric pressure is known as its
melting point. It is a bulk phenomenon. Ex. The boiling point of water is 1000C.
The latent heat of vaporisation:
The amount of heat energy that is required to change 1 kg of liquid into vapour at
atmosphere pressure at its boiling point is known as the latent heat of fusion.
Sublimation:
The change of solid directly into the gaseous state without coming through the liquid state
upon heating is called sublimation.
Ex. Iodine, Ammonia chloride, camphor, naphthalene, solid CO 2 etc.
Deposition:
The change of gas directly into the solid state without coming through the liquid state upon
heating is called deposition.
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Matter in Our Surroundings
Matter:- It is a substance which occupies space and has mass.
Air, Earth, Fire, Sky and water are five basic elements, ‘The PanchTatwa’
according to the earlier Indian Philosophers everything i.e. living or non-living is made up
of these five elements.
Characteristics of particles of matter:
i). Matter is made up of particles.
ii). Particles of matter are very small in size beyond our imagination.
iii). Particles of matter have space between them. The space between particles is
known as inter particle space or intermolecular space.
Fig: Particles of matter have space between them.
Particles of one type of matter get into the spaces between particles of the other. This shows
that there is enough space between particles of matter.
Ex. The particles of sugar and salt get evenly distributed in water.
iv). Particles of matter are continuously moving:
Moving particles have kinetic energy. Particles move faster when temperature rises.
Particles of solids have very less kinetic energy while gaseous have high kinetic energy.
Fig: Moving particles possess kinetic energy
Kinetic energy:
The energy possesses by moving object is called kinetic energy.
Increasing temperature, the kinetic energy of the particles increases.
Diffusion:
The process of flow of matter from a region of high concentration to a region of low
concentration is called diffusion.
On heating, the diffusion will become faster because kinetic energy of particles will increase.
So, particles will move faster and intermixing with same or different particles.
v). Particles of matter attract each other.
The particles of matter have force acting between them. This force keeps the particles
together. Particles of solid have highest attraction force. So that these particles are very
close.
Three States of Matter
Fig: States of matter
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, Comparison of the characteristics of three states of matter:
Property Solid state Liquid state Gaseous state
Nature Hard & rigid Fluid Very fluid
Shape & Definite shape & indefinite shape but Both are indefinite
volume volume definite volume
Density High Less than solid but Very less density
greater than gaseous
Inter molecular Very small Intermediate of solid Very large
space and gas
Inter molecular Very strong Weak Very weak
force
Compressibility Negligible Very small Highly compressible
Kinetic energy Low High than solid Very high
Diffusion Negligible Slow Very fast
Effect of Change in Temperature:
The state of matter can be changed into another state by changing the temperature.
Solid can change into liquid while liquid can change into vapour upon heating.
Melting point:
The temperature at which solid melts and become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is
called melting point. Ex. The melting point of ice is 00C.
Fusion:
The process in which solid state change into liquid state by melting is known as fusion.
The Latent Heat of Fusion:
The amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of solid into liquid at atmosphere
pressure at its melting point is known as the latent heat of fusion.
Boiling point:
The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric pressure is known as its
melting point. It is a bulk phenomenon. Ex. The boiling point of water is 1000C.
The latent heat of vaporisation:
The amount of heat energy that is required to change 1 kg of liquid into vapour at
atmosphere pressure at its boiling point is known as the latent heat of fusion.
Sublimation:
The change of solid directly into the gaseous state without coming through the liquid state
upon heating is called sublimation.
Ex. Iodine, Ammonia chloride, camphor, naphthalene, solid CO 2 etc.
Deposition:
The change of gas directly into the solid state without coming through the liquid state upon
heating is called deposition.
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