Maryville NURS 611 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Practice
Questions | Questions & Answers | Latest Update 2026
| Exam Prep | Graded A+
1. What is the primary electrolyte lost during vomiting that contributes to
metabolic alkalosis?
Chloride
Calcium
Potassium
Sodium
2. Free radicals, or uncharged molecules with an unpaired electron, are made
by:
ionizing radiation
redox reactions
metabolism of exogenous substances
all of the above
3. Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of:
Dehydration
increased diffusion
decreased ATP production
4. What does an elevation in troponin levels typically indicate?
Kidney failure
Liver dysfunction
, Pulmonary embolism
Myocardial muscle injury
5. Hypokalemia can have serious consequences including
inability of mitochondria to make enough ATP
diabetes
excessive urination
arrhythmias
6. A 33-year-old woman has an abnormal cervical Pap smear. A cervical biopsy
reveals that the epithelium lacks normal polarity (shown in the image).
Individual cells display hyperchromatic nuclei, a larger nucleus-to-cytoplasm
ratio, and disorderly tissue arrangement. Which of the following adaptations
to chronic injury best describes these changes in the patient's cervical
epithelium?
Atrophy
Metaplasia
Hyperplasia
, Hypertrophy
Dysplasia
7. What is dysplasia in the context of cellular adaptation?
A normal change in cell function.
An abnormal change in the size, shape, and organization of cells.
A decrease in cell number.
A normal increase in cell size.
8. If a patient has liver damage due to chronic alcohol consumption, what effect
might this have on the metabolism of ethanol?
No effect on metabolism; the liver functions normally.
Enhanced metabolism resulting in faster clearance of alcohol.
Increased conversion of ethanol to glucose.
Impaired metabolism leading to increased blood alcohol levels.
9. What type of organic compound is primarily responsible for facilitating
transportation across cell membranes?
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Proteins
10. A patient has a long history of smoking. He has blood studies done because
he is tired and short of breath. His blood gases reveal the following: pH 7.3,
HCO3 27mEq/L, CO2 58mmHg. What is the interpretation of these gases?
, Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
11. In mammals, the major site of accumulation of triacylglycerols is:
the kidneys.
muscle tissue.
adipose tissue.
blood.
the liver.
12. What is a common symptom of chronic heart failure related to fluid
retention?
Tachycardia
Cyanosis
Hypotension
Edema
13. What is the primary reason sodium and water enter the cell during hypoxic
injury?
As a result of enhanced cell membrane permeability.
Because of increased ATP production.
Due to the activation of cellular respiration.
Due to the failure of the sodium-potassium pump.
14. In a scenario where a patient experiences prolonged hypoxia, what cellular
Questions | Questions & Answers | Latest Update 2026
| Exam Prep | Graded A+
1. What is the primary electrolyte lost during vomiting that contributes to
metabolic alkalosis?
Chloride
Calcium
Potassium
Sodium
2. Free radicals, or uncharged molecules with an unpaired electron, are made
by:
ionizing radiation
redox reactions
metabolism of exogenous substances
all of the above
3. Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of:
Dehydration
increased diffusion
decreased ATP production
4. What does an elevation in troponin levels typically indicate?
Kidney failure
Liver dysfunction
, Pulmonary embolism
Myocardial muscle injury
5. Hypokalemia can have serious consequences including
inability of mitochondria to make enough ATP
diabetes
excessive urination
arrhythmias
6. A 33-year-old woman has an abnormal cervical Pap smear. A cervical biopsy
reveals that the epithelium lacks normal polarity (shown in the image).
Individual cells display hyperchromatic nuclei, a larger nucleus-to-cytoplasm
ratio, and disorderly tissue arrangement. Which of the following adaptations
to chronic injury best describes these changes in the patient's cervical
epithelium?
Atrophy
Metaplasia
Hyperplasia
, Hypertrophy
Dysplasia
7. What is dysplasia in the context of cellular adaptation?
A normal change in cell function.
An abnormal change in the size, shape, and organization of cells.
A decrease in cell number.
A normal increase in cell size.
8. If a patient has liver damage due to chronic alcohol consumption, what effect
might this have on the metabolism of ethanol?
No effect on metabolism; the liver functions normally.
Enhanced metabolism resulting in faster clearance of alcohol.
Increased conversion of ethanol to glucose.
Impaired metabolism leading to increased blood alcohol levels.
9. What type of organic compound is primarily responsible for facilitating
transportation across cell membranes?
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Proteins
10. A patient has a long history of smoking. He has blood studies done because
he is tired and short of breath. His blood gases reveal the following: pH 7.3,
HCO3 27mEq/L, CO2 58mmHg. What is the interpretation of these gases?
, Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
11. In mammals, the major site of accumulation of triacylglycerols is:
the kidneys.
muscle tissue.
adipose tissue.
blood.
the liver.
12. What is a common symptom of chronic heart failure related to fluid
retention?
Tachycardia
Cyanosis
Hypotension
Edema
13. What is the primary reason sodium and water enter the cell during hypoxic
injury?
As a result of enhanced cell membrane permeability.
Because of increased ATP production.
Due to the activation of cellular respiration.
Due to the failure of the sodium-potassium pump.
14. In a scenario where a patient experiences prolonged hypoxia, what cellular
