NRS 416 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

NRS 416 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Onset - Answers Signs and symptoms are presented Diagnostic period Stable - Answers lllness course and symptoms controlled by treatment regimen. Person maintians everyday activites Acute - Answers Active illness with severe and unrelieved symptoms of regimen. Person maintians everyday activites Comback - Answers Gradual return to an acceptable way of life Crisis - Answers Life-threatening, situation occurs Emergency service are necessary Unstable - Answers Unable to keep symptoms or disease source under control. Life becomes disrupted while patient work to regain stability. Hospitalization not required. Downward - Answers Gradual and progressive deterioration in physical or mental status. Accompanied by inc disability and symptoms.Continous alterations in everyday activities Dying - Answers Patient has to relinquish everday life interest and activities, let go and die peacefully. Immediate weeks! Days, hours,preceding death Chronic Illness trajectory - Answers Self management, health related quality of life, uncertainty,care transition Chronic Illness trajectory phases - Answers Onset, Stable, Acute, Comeback, Crisis, Unstable, Downward, Dying self-management - Answers A dynamic process in which individuals actively mange chronic Health- related quality of life - Answers Pertaining to satisfaction and life concerns may change overtime impacted by health and illness affecting individuals/family Uncertainty - Answers The inability to determine the meaning of illness related events unable to predict outcomes accurately ow can uncertainty influence the experience of chronic illness? What can cause uncertainty? - Answers Prevent or delay coping, increase emotional and psychological distress unpredictalbe nature, subjective experience, ambiguity of illness, complexity of treatment, communication (lack of communciation/knowledge)with healthcare provider about severity of condition, or inadequate information, also erratic nature of illness trajectory Care transitions - Answers A proactive plan with goals patient family center; dynamic, shared with care team How would you as a nurse plan for addressing care transitions for chronic illness processes? - Answers proative plan with goals that is patient centered and family oriented , plan is comprehensive create, document, exucute and update proactive plan to every patient can be revised Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) - Answers Reflux esophagitis is an inflammatory condition caused by reflux of gastric contents back into the esophagus. What modifiable risk factors could a patient work on to manage GERD symptoms? - Answers Eating less food with acids/spicy foods, fatty/fried food, eating no food at night. Don't smoke, consume alcohol and caffeine. Elevating head of the bed What non-modifiable risk factors would alert you to the increased likelihood of developing GERD? - Answers Older age is a risk factor for developing GERD. Those who have family members who have GERD. Pregancy, obesity, asthma, COPD/sleep apnea, men. Which medications are effective for GERD when modifying risk factors is not enough? - Answers Antiacids, H2 blockers, PPI, Alginate Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) & H-pylori ulcers - Answers Helicobacter pylori-Associated Ulcers in stomach Which medications are effective for PUD? - Answers H2 blockers, and Proton Pump Inhibitors Famotidine, Cimetidine, Nizatidine, Ranitidine - Answers H2 Blockers, H2 receptor antagonists Famotidine, Cimetidine, Nizatidine, Ranitidine ACTION - Answers • Healing and prevention of ulcers. Decreased symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux. Decreased secretion of gastric acid • Treat GERD and PUD Famotidine, Cimetidine, Nizatidine, Ranitidine Assessment - Answers Is the med appropriate? Prevents ulcers by reducing secretion of gastric acids and decr. sx of gastroesophageal reflux (chest pain, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), dry cough). • Assess for epigastric or abdominal pain and frank or occult blood in the stool, emesis, or gastric aspirate Famotidine, Cimetidine, Nizatidine, Ranitidine Caution Use - Answers Precautions & Monitor for: Caution in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). If dosages are not reduced, patients with CKD may experience prolonged QT intervals and episodes of confusion, hallucinations, or agitation. Famotidine, Cimetidine, Nizatidine, Ranitidine Patient teaching/ implementation - Answers Advise patients to report onset of black tarry stools, fever, sore throat, diarrhea, dizziness, rash, confusion, or hallucinations to health care professionals promptly. Dexlansoprazole, Esomeprazole, Lansoprazole, Omeprazole (Prilosec). Pantoprazole, Rabeprazole - Answers Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) Dexlansoprazole, Esomeprazole, Lansoprazole, Omeprazole (Prilosec). Pantoprazole, Rabeprazole ACTION - Answers Inhibit enzyme that creates gastric acid (H+ , K+ -ATPase) on the parietal cells in the stomach (so, it blocks acid production) decrease gastric acid treat GERD and PUD Dexlansoprazole, Esomeprazole, Lansoprazole, Omeprazole (Prilosec). Pantoprazole, Rabeprazole : Assessment - Answers Is the med appropriate? Duodenal or stomach ulcer (PUD), relieve symptoms of GERD • PPIs are the most common prescribed medications to treat GERD, to prevent antiplatelet or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) druginduced ulcer, treat ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori (HP). • Assess for epigastric or abdominal pain and frank or occult blood in the stool, emesis, or gastric aspirate Dexlansoprazole, Esomeprazole, Lansoprazole, Omeprazole (Prilosec). Pantoprazole, Rabeprazole : Caution use - Answers Interactions: • Reduces absorption of H2 blockers (space two medications at least one hour apart) Precautions: • Patients using high doses for 1 year can have increased risk of osteoporosis-related fractures (there is a risk of osteoporosis due to reduced acid secretion thereby decreasing absorption of calcium and therefore risk for fractures from long term use of PPIs) Contraindicated: Hypersensitivity; severe hepatic impairment, (lactation - unknown effects) Monitor for side effects/adverse effects: Osteoporosis Dexlansoprazole, Esomeprazole, Lansoprazole, Omeprazole (Prilosec). Pantoprazole, Rabeprazole : Implementation/Patient teaching - Answers Patient Monitoring/Teaching: • Long-term use risk of osteoporosis and fractures: Encourage adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D through diet • Manage symptoms with a calcium antacid (Tums) Calcium carbonate, Aluminum or magnesium hydrochloride - Answers Anti acids Calcium carbonate, Aluminum or magnesium hydrochloride: Action - Answers • Antacids neutralize existing stomach acid and can provide rapid pain relief • Helps relieve symptoms of acid reflux (GERD) - treat GERD Calcium carbonate, Aluminum or magnesium hydrochloride: Assessment - Answers Is the med appropriate? • Short-term relief of indigestion or heartburn; Calcium carbonate, Aluminum or magnesium hydrochloride: Caution use - Answers Precautions: • Reduces absorption of H2 blockers (space two medications at least one hour apart, preferably 2+ hours) • Do not take it for more than 2 weeks • Renal problems • Contraindicated in patients with ventricular fibrillation or hypercalcemia Monitor for side effects: • Constipation or diarrhea. Gas (flatulence). Headache. Nausea and vomiting. Stomach cramps or pain in the abdomen. • Serious Side effect: Acid rebound: Antacids cause your body to produce more acid, which worsens symptoms. • Long term usage: hypercalcemia (too much calcium in blood Calcium carbonate, Aluminum or magnesium hydrochloride side effects - Answers Constipation or diarrhea. Gas (flatulence). Headache. Nausea and vomiting. Stomach cramps or pain in the abdomen Serious Side effect: Acid rebound: Antacids cause your body to produce more acid, which worsens symptoms. • Long term usage: hypercalcemia (too much calcium in blood Calcium carbonate, Aluminum or magnesium hydrochloride: Implementation/Patient teaching - Answers Patient Monitoring/Teaching: • Take about 1 hour before or 2 hours after eating or when eating when have heartburn. • Don't take antacids frequently. • Antacids can interact with how other medicines absorb into your body (space medications) Implementation: • Notify provider if signs and symptoms of GI bleeding occur (tarry stools, coffee ground emesis) Calcium carbonate, Aluminum or magnesium hydrochloride: Evaluation - Answers Short-term relief of burning/gastric discomfort • Relieve mild intermittent gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with associated heartburn • Antacids may be used for immediate pain relief r/t PUD but not used to heal ulcer Alginate (brown algae) ACTiON - Answers • Naturally occurring in brown algae. Produces a gel-like barrier • In the presence of gastric acid, alginate forms a foamy gel that is similar to a "raft floating" on the surface of the gastric contents, and this barrier-like gel prevents acid reflux in GERD. Treat GERD • Displaces postprandial gastric acid pocket, • Suppress gastric reflux Alginate (brown algae) Assessment - Answers Is the med appropriate? Indications: Usually for treatment of acid reflux discomfort - GERD. Alginate (brown algae) Caution use - Answers Monitor for possible side effects: • Taking too much alginate (e.g. Gaviscon) may cause side effects such as wind and bloating but unlikely to cause any harm. Contraindications: hypersensitivity