PSYC101 / PSYC 101 Module 5 – General Psychology (Latest 2026/2027 Update) | Verified Questions & Correct Answers | Grade A | Portage Learning

PSYC101 / PSYC 101 Module 5 – General Psychology (Latest 2026/2027 Update) | Verified Questions & Correct Answers | Grade A | Portage Learning 2026 / 2027 Academic Year Q: Which of the following phrases describes the different mental states of students in your class, whether it be drowsy, full of energy, or somewhere in-between? A. Preconscious awareness B. Content awareness C. State of awareness D. Stream of consciousness C. State of awareness Q: Corrina finds a quiet cubicle at the library and prepares for a long night of studying. While she studies, she is also aware of the conversation taking place at the next table. What aspect of consciousness describes Corrina's awareness of both her textbook material and the other conversation? A. Preconscious awareness B. State of awareness C. Stream of consciousness D. Content of awareness D. Content of awareness Q: From an evolutionary perspective, why is the conscious awareness of ongoing sensations advantageous for animals? A. It enables animals to have a sense of mortality and a strong will to pass on their genes. B. It provides the opportunity to choose responses rather than to respond instinctively. C. It allows animals to respond instinctively to oncoming threats. D. It facilitates the development of complex motor and sensory control. B. It provides the opportunity to choose responses rather than to respond instinctively. Q: Consciousness requires complex interactions between the cerebral cortex and the ____. A. hippocampus B. thalamus C. amygdala D. midbrain B. thalamus Q: What brain structure is responsible for raising or lowering the thresholds of conscious awareness? A. Reticular formation B. Medial parietal cortex C. Substantia nigra D. Corpus callosum A. Reticular formation Q: Which of the following is a correct statement about the default mode network (DMN) in the brain? A. It focuses the brain on detailed tasks. B. It maintains unconscious activity that prepares the brain for conscious thought. C. It maintains a consistent source of energy usage in the brain. D. It lights up the brain so that you make fewer mistakes. B. It maintains unconscious activity that prepares the brain for conscious thought. Q: Tasha runs a day care center. She places birthday hats on a group of children to celebrate 1-year-old Chantal's birthday. Tasha notices that when Chantal passes by a mirror she grabs for the hat by reaching for the mirror instead of reaching for her own head. Tasha picks up the baby and helps her find her hat. What aspect of consciousness has Chantal not yet reached? A. Meta-cognition B. Reflective awareness C. Awareness of sensation D. Self-awareness D. Self-awareness Q: Being conscious means to know or be aware of _____, both internally and in the world around us. A. things that have happened in the past B. possible future paths C. completed activities D. ongoing experiences D. ongoing experiences Q: Some researchers restrict the possibility of self-aware consciousness to species that ____. A. show strong individualism B. demonstrate cognitive complexity C. are at the top of the food chain D. exhibit complex social behavior D. exhibit complex social behavior Q: Which of the following is a possible explanation for why animals have evolved to have various states of alertness? A. Sleep keeps animals from being at risk for attack. B. Sleep allows animals to respond instinctively. C. Sleep enables animals to specialize in daytime or nighttime activity. D. Sleep allows animals to repair their bodies and conserve energy. D. Sleep allows animals to repair their bodies and conserve energy. Q: Activity in the ________ of the brain corresponds to mind wandering, thinking about the self, and preparing for conscious thought. A. reticular activating system (RAS) B. behavioral inhibition system (BIS) C. prefrontal cortex (PFC) D. default mode network (DMN) D. default mode network (DMN) Q: Among the brain structures that are believed to participate in consciousness are the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and _____. A. occipital lobe B. prefrontal cortex C. reticular formation D. hippocampus C. reticular formation Q: An animal's light-dark cycle, which for humans is 24 hours, is otherwise known as its _____. A. circadian rhythm B. cerebrodynamic cycle C. chronometric temperance D. contrast arousal A. circadian rhythm Q: Kendyl was born with a congenital disorder that prevents her eyes from sensing light; her fraternal twin brother, Gabe, was born with normal vision. Compared with Gabe, Kendyl will likely have ____. A. the same circadian cycle B. a shorter circadian cycle C. a longer circadian cycle D. no circadian cycle C. a longer circadian cycle Q: Patti finds her husband, Derek, asleep in his recliner. She gently touches his shoulder and says, "Derek, wake up; the dog needs to go out." Derek abruptly responds, "Patti, I am awake!" Derek was most likely in ____. A. Stage 1 N-REM sleep B. Stage 2 N-REM sleep C. Stage 3 or 4 N-REM sleep D. REM sleep A. Stage 1 N-REM sleep Q: Which of these would be characteristic of someone in Stage 4 N-REM sleep? A. Brain activity similar to that of an awake person but with the external appearance of deep sleep B. Deep sleep with disorientation before waking C. An EEG similar to a drowsy, waking person D. Sleeping through familiar stimuli but waking to unexpected stimuli B. Deep sleep with disorientation before waking Q: Study participants who were selectively deprived of Stages 3 and 4 N-REM sleep reported ____. A. muscle and joint pain B. blurred vision C. sore throat and itchy eyes D. headache and nausea A. muscle and joint pain Q: During ___ activity, a person is actively thinking and alert. A. beta B. delta C. alpha D. gamma A. beta Q: The Student Union is holding its weekly Friday night "De-stress 'til Dawn" mixer. Brandon is hungry, Shelby is tired, and Tina feels cold. Which brain structure controls the internal biological clocks responsible for regulating these processes? A. Hypothalamus B. Amygdala C. Cingulate cortex D. Hippocampus A. Hypothalamus Q: Which of the following individuals is likely to have a longer than usual circadian rhythm? A. Lisa, who has to get up every morning at 6:30 a.m., just before sunrise, to teach classes that begin at 8:00 a.m. B. Ira, who spends most of his days working inside the bird house at his city's local zoo. C. Dan, who has worked on a submarine far below the surface of the water for the past 3 months. D. Jennifer, who works a usual 9 to 5 shift most days but is occasionally asked to an overnight shift. C. Dan, who has worked on a submarine far below the surface of the water for the past 3 months. Q: Approximately an hour after falling asleep, Daisy's roommate repeatedly shakes her shoulder and asks Daisy to move her car out of the driveway. Daisy takes several minutes to respond to her roommate and then opens the refrigerator to find her keys. Daisy was most likely in ____. A. Stage 3 or 4 N-REM B. REM sleep C. Stage 1 N-REM D. Stage 2 N-REM A. Stage 3 or 4 N-REM Q: Which of the following would be characteristic of someone in Stage 1 N-REM sleep? A. Sleeping through familiar stimuli but waking to unexpected stimuli B. Brain activity similar to an awake person but with the external appearance of deep sleep C. An EEG similar to that of a drowsy, waking person D. Deep sleep with disorientation before waking C. An EEG similar to that of a drowsy, waking person What is the evidence to suggest that sleep plays an important role in repairing the body? A. The immune cells phagocytes and lymphocytes mature during Stage 1 N-REM sleep. B. Human growth hormone is released during Stages 3 and 4 of N-REM sleep. C. Melatonin is manufactured during REM sleep. D. Levels of the wound-healing chemical prothrombin are depleted during consciousness. B. Human growth hormone is released during Stages 3 and 4 of N-REM sleep. _____ waves accompany the processing of sensory input, particularly visual stimuli. A. Gamma B. Delta C. Alpha D. Beta A. Gamma Internal biological clocks interact with external stimuli, referred to by the ____. A. German term zeitgebers B. French term temps-donner C. Italian term lezionadare D. Dutch term maalgeven A. German term zeitgebers Carl's wife, Juanita, is unhappy that her husband's new shift as a security guard is from 11:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m. She complains to her husband that since he started his new job, he has been having health, personality, mood, and interpersonal problems. What condition might Carl have? A. Dysfunctional cycle condition B. Rapid eye movement (REM) behavior disorder C. Circadian abnormality disorder D. Shift maladaption syndrome D. Shift maladaption syndrome Fifteen minutes after falling asleep, Duke is not awakened by the refrigerator cycling on. He is, however, awakened by his roommate opening the refrigerator door. Duke is most likely in ____. A. Stage 1 N-REM B. Stage 2 N-REM C. REM sleep D. Stage 3 or 4 N-REM B. Stage 2 N-REM Which of the following would be characteristic of someone in REM sleep? A. Sleeping through familiar stimuli but waking to unexpected stimuli B. Deep sleep with disorientation before waking C. An EEG similar to a drowsy, waking person D. Brain activity similar to that of an awake person but with the external appearance of deep sleep D. Brain activity similar to that of an awake person but with the external appearance of deep sleep Vanessa crams for her anatomy and physiology final by staying up the entire night before the exam. What is a likely consequence of Vanessa's actions? A. Vanessa will experience a brief surge of energy during the test followed by a prolonged crash phase. B. Vanessa will likely perform significantly below her fullest potential because shedecreased her capacity to remember the material. C. Vanessa will need to have at least two nights of normal sleep before experiencing normal mental functioning. D. Vanessa will need to rest her eyes periodically during the exam or risk temporary vision impairment. B. Vanessa will likely perform significantly below her fullest potential because shedecreased her capacity to remember the material. A person showing _____ activity is awake but relaxed. A. delta B. alpha C. beta D. gamma B. alpha Aurora talks to her therapist about a recurring dream in which she encounters a ferocious lion that has just escaped from local zoo. She works with her therapist to learn how to form a conscious awareness of the dream and to control the dream by turning the lion into a kitten. What technique is Aurora using A. Directive dreaming B. Autonomous dreaming C. Cogent dreaming D. Lucid dreaming D. Lucid dreaming Which scenario best illustrates the concept of a night terror? A. Pauline has recurring nightmares in which her brother is trapped in a sinking car; because of this she worries obsessively about her brother's safety. B. Pierre dreams that a serial killer stands over his bed with a machete in his hand and is certain that he faces imminent death. C. Hector demonstrates acute distress even though he is asleep. When his roommate wakes him up, he is confused and does not remember being upset. D. Chandra, who suffers from sleep apnea, dreams that she is sinking to the bottom of a lake and wakes up gasping for air. C. Hector demonstrates acute distress even though he is asleep. When his roommate wakes him up, he is confused and does not remember being upset. Dora has no problem falling asleep each night, but she wakes up frequently in the middle of the night and often cannot fall back asleep. From what type of insomnia does Dora suffer? A. Continuance insomnia B. Interval insomnia C. Duration insomnia D. Maintenance insomnia D. Maintenance insomnia Consuela stands in front of her U.S. history class to give a presentation. She suddenly loses consciousness and suffers a sleep attack referred to as ____. A. ataxia B. dyspnea C. narcolepsy D. cataplexy C. narcolepsy Sleep ________ is a sleep disorder in which a person stops breathing while asleep. A. dystonia B. dyspepsia C. ataxia D. apnea D. apnea Some cases of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) may include biological vulnerabilities in the function of which neurotransmitter? A. Serotonin B. Glutamate C. Norepinephrine D. Dopamine A. Serotonin Sam suffers from restless legs syndrome. From what other disorder is Sam likely to suffer? A. Bipolar disorder B. Generalized anxiety disorder C. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder D. Obsessive compulsive disorder C. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder The part of the brain that has been found to be most active during lucid dreaming is the ________, which suggests that such dreams occur when this brain area just wakes up during sleep. A. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex B. ventromedial superior colliculus C. bed nucleus of the stria terminalis D. the substantia nigra A. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex What is the physiological basis for night terrors? A. Sleep spindles and K-complexes do not form during Stage 4 N-REM sleep. B. The transition from Stage 4 N-REM sleep upward into REM goes awry. C. Dreaming begins in N-REM stages rather than in the REM state. D. Hyperstimulation of beta waves occurs during the REM state. B. The transition from Stage 4 N-REM sleep upward into REM goes awry. Zolpidem (Ambien) can help both onset and maintenance sleep, but it has significant side effects. Which of the following is a known side effect of Ambien? A. Increased coordination and concentration B. Driving or walking while asleep C. Excitability or mania during the day D. Significant weight loss B. Driving or walking while asleep Carlos stands in front of his Thursday night slam poetry group to recite his most recent work. He suddenly experiences temporary muscle paralysis but does not lose consciousness, a condition called ____. A. narcolepsy B. dyspnea C. cataplexy D. ataxia C. cataplexy Michael sleeps every night with a loud and somewhat disruptive machine that uses a mask to regulate airflow into his lungs. Which diagnosis might Michael have received? A. Sleep apnea B. Somnambulism C. Narcolepsy D. Insomnia A. Sleep apnea ____ occurs when a healthy infant simply dies while asleep. A. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome B. RLS C. Dyspnea D. Apnea A. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome What percentage of adults in the United States experience restless legs syndrome? A. 15% B. 35% C. 5% D. 10% A. 15% The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming suggests that the content of dreams reflects _____. A. a prediction of the future B. self-awareness C. ongoing neural activity D. the unconscious mind expressing itself symbolically C. ongoing neural activity Which of the following may be an effective treatment for recurring, upsetting nightmares? A. Sleeping longer than 9 hours per night B. Medication such as Ambien C. Lowering bedroom temperature D. Training in lucid dreaming D. Training in lucid dreaming _____ insomnia is when a person lies in bed for a long period and is unable to go to sleep. A. Early evening B. Unhealthy C. Maintenance D. Onset D. Onset Patients with narcolepsy have damaged or missing cells in their ____, which disrupt the production of ________. A. amygdala; neuromodulators B. hippocampus; neurotransmitters C. medulla; oxytocin D. hypothalamus; orexin D. hypothalamus; orexin In a person with sleep apnea, breathing can stop for _____ during sleep, leaving the sleeper gasping for air. A. a minute or two B. 30 seconds C. 45 seconds D. 10 seconds A. a minute or two Rates of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in the United States were cut in half between 1992 and 2003, when the American Academy of Pediatrics began telling parents to put infants to sleep on their ____. A. sides B. backs C. blankets D. stomachs B. backs Restless legs syndrome (RLS) results from a gene variant that is active only during early prenatal development in the _____. A. amygdala B. hypothalamus C. nervous system D. basal ganglia D. basal ganglia After cardiac arrest, Teresa's father, Ike, is in a coma. Ike's doctor explains to Teresa that his brain activity shows ____. A. only alpha waves that are consistent with sleep B. alpha and theta waves that are consistent with sleep C. alpha and theta waves that are distinct from those of normal sleeping pattern D. only alpha waves that are distinct from those of a normal sleeping pattern D. only alpha waves that are distinct from those of a normal sleeping pattern Consider the following scenarios. Which person displays characteristic signs of a persistent vegetative state? A. Brian is in a persistent state of unconsciousness; he cannot be awakened and does not respond to painful stimuli. B. Andrew is in a coma; his mother is hopeful because he occasionally opens his eyes and sometimes smiles or cries, but Andrew's doctors tell her that these actions are random. C. Muriel was in a deep coma; she now squeezes her mother's hand when she hears her voice but cannot open her eyes or speak. D. Sienna is learning to walk after her automobile accident; however, she still cannot communicate and suffers significant cognitive impairment. B. Andrew is in a coma; his mother is hopeful because he occasionally opens his eyes and sometimes smiles or cries, but Andrew's doctors tell her that these actions are random. Brain death is characterized by ____. A. EEG recordings void of beta waves for at least 48 hours B. a continuous comatose state lasting longer than 12 weeks C. two flatline EEG recordings taken 24 hours apart D. a persistent vegetative state lasting longer than 18 months C. two flatline EEG recordings taken 24 hours apart What physiological response may be responsible for the phenomenon of a near-death experience characterized by out-of-body experiences, the perception of light at the end of a tunnel, and the state of calmness? A. Increased inhibition of action potentials in brainstem neurons B. Deactivation of adrenal medullary pathways C. Activation of the nigrostriatal pathway D. Release of chemicals to minimize cell loss in the brain D. Release of chemicals to minimize cell loss in the brain Regina wakes her husband in the middle of the night and asks, "Where am I? This isn't our bedroom." After a visit to the emergency department, Regina learns that she likely suffered a partial seizure originating in her ____ lobe. A. temporal B. parietal C. occipital D. frontal A. temporal Which is NOT true of a person in a state of coma? A. A person cannot be awakened. B. A person does not have sleep-wake cycles. C. A person is incapable of voluntary behavior. D. A person may respond to pain and light. D. A person may respond to pain and light. Vegetative state often follows a period of coma. A. true B. false A. true Brain death is identified as _____. A. an imbalance of brain activity B. a complete and irreversible lack of measurable brain activity C. only minimal, periodic response from a person D. an unresponsive body B. a complete and irreversible lack of measurable brain activity More than 8 million Americans have reported ____. A. a coma experience B. an insomnia experience C. a vegetative state experience D. a near-death experience D. a near-death experience _____ are uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain that are often correlated with changes in consciousness. A. Comas B. Dreams C. Sleep terrors D. Seizures D. Seizures A stroke affecting a single hemisphere typically does not lead to coma. A. true B. false A. true In contrast to patients in a coma, patients in a vegetative state look _____. A. shocked B. unhealthy C. unrested D. normal D. normal Patients who recover after a cardiac arrest or some other life-threatening condition often report _____. A. similar experiences B. feeling pain C. feeling heavy D. feeling nauseous A. similar experiences Natalia, who suffers from epilepsy, experiences a seizure in which she completely loses consciousness, stops breathing, and thrashes about uncontrollably. Natalia experienced which type of seizure? A. Generalized tonic-clonic B. Partial myoclonic C. Generalized myoclonic D. Partial tonic-clonic A. Generalized tonic-clonic Since seizures are correlated with changes in consciousness, they provide evidence that _____. A. cortical activity is correlated with consciousness B. drugs that inhibit GABA can control seizures C. seizures and RLS are connected D. focal areas originate in the hypothalamus A. cortical activity is correlated with consciousness Jordan typically has at least three cups of coffee throughout the day. She decides to cut her coffee habit cold turkey but experiences severe lethargy despite having a good night's sleep. Jordan is experiencing ____. A. withdrawal symptoms B. sensitization syndrome C. the desensitization effect D. recoil narcosis A. withdrawal symptoms The major psychoactive chemical in marijuana is ____. A. tocotrienol B. tetrahydrocannabinol C. thiazolidinedione D. tert-butylhydroquinone B. tetrahydrocannabinol Megan is contemplating trying lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) at a party. As her friend, what warning would you give her? A. It is strongly addictive. B. It can cause hallucinations days after using the drug. C. It can lead to major depressive episodes. D. It can cause symptoms of schizophrenia. B. It can cause hallucinations days after using the drug. Sam has recently been given a prescription for a mild opiate medication by her physician. This drug is most likely being used to help control which of the following ailments? A. A fungal infection of the foot (athlete's foot) B. A persistent, nagging cough C. Urinary incontinence D. Acne of the face and body B. A persistent, nagging cough When experienced practitioners are asked to describe the subjective experience produced by meditation, they describe ____. A. a conscious state without thought, accompanied by a blissful emotional state B. an unconscious state with discrete visions, accompanied by a numb emotional state C. an unconscious state with discrete visions, accompanied by a blissful emotional state D. a conscious state without thought, accompanied by a numb emotional state A. a conscious state without thought, accompanied by a blissful emotional state _____consists of a set of behaviors that are the opposite of those produced by a drug. A. Tolerance B. Euphoria C. Addiction D. Withdrawal D. Withdrawal Undergraduate student Gabrielle is writing a research paper on the physiological effects of commonly used drugs, such as caffeine. As her well-informed friend, you tell Gabrielle that caffeine is known to ____. A. upregulate serotonin levels and receptors in the brain B. block dopamine uptake in the brain C. interfere with adenosine-induced inhibition in the brain D. stimulate the ventral tegmental area in the brain C. interfere with adenosine-induced inhibition in the brain What is the relationship between caffeine and Parkinson's disease? A. It negatively correlates with Parkinson's disease. B. It causes Parkinson's disease. C. It positively correlates with Parkinson's disease. D. It prevents one from acquiring Parkinson's disease. A. It negatively correlates with Parkinson's disease. Dr. Goddard is studying the behavioral effects of MDMA (Ecstasy) using a rat model. He would measure increased release of which hormones in response to MDMA treatment? A. Serotonin and oxytocin B. Testosterone and noradrenaline C. Progesterone and adrenaline D. Prolactin and glutamate A. Serotonin and oxytocin In experienced meditators, EEG recordings of the frontal lobes of the brain during meditation feature increased levels of which type of brain waves? A. Delta waves B. Theta waves C. Beta waves D. Alpha waves B. Theta waves Although tolerance and withdrawal are two hallmark symptoms of physical dependence on a drug, not all addictive drugs display these features. For example, _____ is quite addictive despite its lack of withdrawal symptoms. A. caffeine B. alcohol C. cocaine D. marijuana C. cocaine Debi lights up a cigarette before her creative writing class. How is the nicotine in the cigarette likely to affect Debi? A. She will be more alert and less relaxed. B. She will be less alert and less relaxed. C. She will be less alert and more relaxed. D. She will be more alert and more relaxed. D. She will be more alert and more relaxed. Preeti discovers that her roommate Shari recently experimented with methamphetamine. Preeti, worried about her roommate, informs Shari that there are risks associated with methamphetamine use, such as the induction of symptoms associated with ____. A. obsessive compulsive disorder B. bipolar disorder C. generalized anxiety disorder D. psychosis D. psychosis Nicotine mimics the action of which neurotransmitter? A. Dopamine B. Serotonin C. Norepinephrine D. Acetylcholine D. Acetylcholine Imaging studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggest that meditation represents a voluntary regulation of attention and ____ functions. A. autonomic B. somatic C. sensory D. central nervous system A. autonomic A 3-year-old loves sports. Her mom recently taught her how to catch a big beach ball and now her dad is now teaching her how to catch a small tennis ball. At first, she tries to "surround" the tennis ball with her arms, the way she did the beach ball. Slowly, she learns to use just her hands. The girl's attempt to restructure her scheme illustrates Piaget's concept of accommodation An infant lives in an orphanage where he receives little attention when he is hungry and thirsty, is rarely picked up and cuddled, and has no particular adult who is in charge of meeting his needs. Erik Erikson would predict that this infant may develop a sense of mistrust As an alternative to Kohlberg's view of moral reasoning, Carol Gilligan proposed that women's moral development is based on a standard of ________, and that the moral reasoning of men is based on a standard of ________. caring for others; justice A man has developed a sense of personal identity, has been successful in establishing a career, and has been happily married for eight years. If he is like most other men, at this point in his life he is probably asking himself this question "In what ways can I contribute to others?" Research shows some of the relationship costs that arise when adolescents strive for independence. Still, adolescents' conflicts with their parents often do not lead to harmful consequences. Smetana et al. (2006) report that most adolescents are able to use their parents as ready sources of practical and emotional support. Harry Harlow used artificial "mothers" in his studies of the attachment behavior of monkeys. The artificial mothers were wire and cloth constructions that were placed in the monkey cages Over the years, many studies have explored the complex issues of childhood abuse and intervention. One finding that is supported by research is that children who are removed from abusive environments may want to return to these environments In the Strange Situation Test, a 15-month-old child is upset and anxious when her mother leaves the room. When her mother returns, she cannot be comforted and shows anger, but also a desire for contact with her mother. The child is most likely to be categorized as insecurely attached-anxious/ambivalent. With respect to parenting Styles, researchers have identified the "indulgent" Style as generally most beneficial. false The single cell that results when a sperm fertilizes an egg is called a fetus. false If you were asked to assess a student who has performance-approach goal, which one of the following statements would you select as being the most representative of this? "I want to get the top grade in the class." Research on societal hostility toward homosexuality indicates that the more gay men and lesbians a person knows, the more favorable his or her attitude. Based on his pioneering research on hunger, Walter Cannon concluded that stomach cramps are responsible for hunger. In a study comparing women with and without anorexia, differences in brain scans occurred when the women were looking at self-images. When a study looked at the fMRI scans of women who had anorexia nervosa, the researchers found that women with anorexia showed less activity in brain regions that allow people to obtain accurate information from the outside world. In males, the hormones known as ________ control sexual arousal; in females the hormone that serves a similar purpose is known as ________. androgens; estrogen In the culture in which a woman grows up, if a couple has sexual relations the man is expected to marry the woman. This prescription for sexual behavior is technically known as a sexual script. A friend says that he is a restrained eater and is constantly dieting. At the same time, he seems to be gaining weight. If you research this apparent contradiction, you will learn that restrained eaters tend to gain weight because they will binge-eat when they lose their restraints. Expectancy, instrumentality, and valence are the three components of the expectancy theory of work motivation. true Incentives are external stimuli or rewards that motivate behavior, although they do not relate directly to biological needs. true top down processing What we know about the world influences how easily we'd recognize that object. For example, if your friend said they lost something on the ground, you'd be quicker to see it if you knew exactly what it was (e.g., a blue pen). This use of experience and knowledge to recognize something quickly is called (three words): Our brain takes information from our senses and turns it into something we can recognize. For example, the sound of a bark, a sensation of a four-legged moving animal creates the mental image of a dog. This process of creating vision, sound, and touch into a whole image is called: perception The transparent structure inside the eye which has its shaped changed by muscles as it changes focus is called the: lens The receptor cells that allow people to see color and fine detail are called the: cones One way we can tell distance and depth with one eye is that parallel lines appear to come together at the horizon. This cue to depth is called (two words): linear perspective The idea that all the colors are created by three kind of receptors that combine the sensations of red, green and blue is called the (two words): trichromatic theory After the processing of color leaves the photoreceptors, it continues. Colors are converted into cells which code color as opposite pairs red/green, blue/yellow, black/white. This is called (three words): opponent process theory The clear outer part of the eye that is front of the iris, which helps bend light so it will be focused properly in the back of the eye is called the: cornea Besides the basic five tastes that were known, research has discovered that we have a taste for savory flavors such as in broths or fermented flavors. This taste is called: umami One gestalt law states that objects that appear to form a single object when they form a smooth line. This is the gestalt law of: continuity The narrow, sensitive receptor cells that are able to detect even low levels of light are called: rods The center of the retina, which contains only cones, and is responsible for the clearest images we can see is called the: fovea When we look at the world, we automatically use our attention to divide into a front area and a back area. Once we do this, it seems fixed. But sometimes, we can reverse things and make the back the front and the front the back. This tendency to create a foreground and background is called (three words figure ground relationship One gestalt law states that objects that are close together are likely to seen as a single group. This is the gestalt law of: proximity We can locate a sound in part because it arrives at different time and different loudness in each ear. For example, a sound to the left will arrive sooner and sound louder in the left ear than it will in the right ear. The brain's use of loudness and speed to calculate direction is called (two words): binaural cues If we see a green ice cream, we may expect it to taste a certain way (e.g., it should taste like lime). In fact, we may be quite surprised if it tasted differently than our expectations (e.g., it tastes like cherries). In other words, we automatically and unconsciously assume or guess things will have certain properties because of what we know about them. Such assumptions and predictions are called (two words): Sometimes we will be in a room with a mild smell. Eventually we are no longer even aware of the smell. This is an example of (two words): not sure When we are focused on one thing, we may not notice that something else that we can see, but are not thinking about, is changing as well. This is an example of (two words): inattentional blindness When our eyes work together, one way we can tell how close an object is by how much objects line up on the retina of our eyes. For objects that are near, the same image will be a little bit more on the left retina in the left eye and a little more on the right retina for the right eye. This specific cue to depth that uses both eyes is called (two words): binocular disparity The ear will calculate how fast a wave vibrates. This sets the tone of a sound (i.e., treble or bass), which is used when we ask a question (our speech tone rises at the end), and it is used to determine the notes in music. Another name for tone is: pitch Alternative medicine includes treatments or therapies not scientifically proven to be effective in managing biopsychosocial disorders but are still widely used as an alternative option to delay seeking conventional treatment. True Individuals that experience job burnout exhibit the following symptom(s): (Check all that apply) *Depersonalization *Exhaustion *Diminished personal accomplishment Which type of memory do individuals with PTSD experience that relates to just the facts or autobiographical experiences? Cold memories Match the terms with the appropriate characteristics: Fight-or-flight: Activated by a surge of epinephrine and neopinephrine Alarm reaction: Hans Selye's description of the immediate response to a stressor Stage of resistance: The stage when the body has adapted to an initial shock Stage of exhaustion: The body's ability to resist stress is depleted and vulnerable to permanent damage The life events approach to describing stress states that there is only a physiological response to a condition that threatens or challenges an individual. False Research has shown that accumulating a high number of life changing circumstances within a brief period of time is related to both physical and mental health problems. True Freud references libido in childhood, which refers to: Psychic energy In which of Freud's stages of psychosexual development does the individual focus on other pursuits such as school, friendships, and hobbies? Latency period In the Five Factor Model, neuroticism is correlated with: anxiety Trait theories are modern science's answer to personality assessment. true Which of the following is commonly known as a stress hormone? Cortisol According to the behaviorists such as B.F. Skinner, the environment is entirely responsible for all of an individual's behavior including the consistent behavior patterns that describe personality. True Lauren swims with her swim team two hours every morning and two hours every evening. Lauren wins the state championship for the freestyle stroke and believes that the harder she works, the better she performs, which shows that Lauren has an external locus of control. False Biofeedback is a technique that measures an individual's: (Check all that apply) -Neuromuscular activity -Autonomic activity When an individual weighs the options available to cope with a life stressor, this is referred to as: Secondary appraisal Individuals with low levels of social support are at greater risk of death from cardiovascular disorders. True Self-efficacy has a weak correlation with achievement and motivation. False Which type of memory do individuals with PTSD experience that relates to just the facts or autobiographical experiences? Cole memories The life events approach to describing stress states that there is only a physiological response to a condition that threatens or challenges an individual. False Lauren swims with her swim team two hours every morning and two hours every evening. Lauren wins the state championship for the freestyle stroke and believes that the harder she works, the better she performs, which shows that Lauren has an external locus of control. False Freud believed all individuals use defense mechanisms, but that overuse of these mechanisms can lead to psychological problems. True Freud references libido in childhood, which refers to: Psychic energy Among the systems of the brain that shape personality according to Freud, which is responsible for our conscience or moral compass? Superego At approximately what age is an individual's personality somewhat solidified? 3 The positive effect is associated with which of the following? Longevity The HPA-Axis includes which of the following? (Check all that apply) -Adrenal glands -Pituitary gland -Hypothalamus Research on a particular population undergoing a significant life stressor has shown that a daily diary significantly reduced stress and anxiety levels on days when participants felt greater: Perceived control Research suggests that daily hassles may cause more stress than major life changes. True Freud posited that our personality is the result of interacting systems within our mind, including the: (Check all that apply) -Ego -Superego -ID In the Five Factor Model, neuroticism is correlated with: Anxiety According to Sigmund Freud, approximately what percentage of our mind is conscious? 10% or 1/10th The Five Factor Model is a personality theory that classifies traits on a scale for openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. True In which of Freud's stages of psychosexual development does the individual focus on other pursuits such as school, friendships, and hobbies? Latency period Alternative medicine includes treatments or therapies not scientifically proven to be effective in managing biopsychosocial disorders but are still widely used as an alternative option to delay seeking conventional treatment. True An individual is said to be at "the top of their game" when they experience this type of stress: Eustress You are someone that loves desserts and happen to be at a party where there is a decadent cake for dessert that you really want to try, but you also want to avoid gaining weight. This constitutes which type of conflict? Approach-avoidance conflict Early Greek philosophers theorized that personality traits were based on four separate temperaments or "humors." Which of the following humors is characterized as being joyful, eager, and optimistic? Sanguine Limbic System Slides full photo According to Sigmund Freud, the forces that influence our personality include childhood sexuality. True Old Brain Stem: Brainstem (connects brain to spinal cord) Slides full photo Thalamus (center of brain) Not part of the brainstem, but sits on top of the brainstemBilateral (two-sided) structure, meaning there's a left thalamus and a right thalamusRelay station for sensory information (most sensory info is routed through the thalamus before going to other parts of the brain for further processing) Hypothalamus Daily maintenance and basic drives• hunger, thirst, body temperature, etc.- Communicates to pituitary gland- Involved in reward (pursuing, getting satisfaction) Pituitary Gland master gland in endocrine system) Hippocampus New explicit memory formation (facts and events) Amygdala Emotional center (especially fear)- Communicates closely with hippocampus somatosensory cortex (very front of parietal lobe)touch information Cerebral Cortex Evolutionarily newest part of the brain.Different regions of the cerebral cortex specialize in processing different kinds of information. (wrinkly outer part of the cerebrum) contralateral control Each side of the body is controlled by the opposite hemisphere of cerebral cortex Contralateral processing: Sensory information from each side of the body is(mostly) processed in the opposite hemisphere of cerebral cortex motor cortex very back of frontal lobe)outgoing motion commands corpus callosum The two hemispheres are connected by ahighway of axons called the corpus callosum Gabe was essentially fluent in French in elementary school when he lived in Canada, but then moved away until he got a job offer to work in Paris during his 20s. He picks it up again surprisingly fast. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system. relearning If you need to remember the names of all 50 states, the most recommended technique would be for you to memorize five states at a time—group the information into a more manageable size. Jane writes a song to help her remember all of her terms for anatomy class. She is utilizing ________ encoding. acoustic The ________ says that memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information. Atkinson-Shiffrin model Raul can remember exactly where on the page in his textbook he saw a picture of a pie chart about the percentages of the U.S. population that say their favorite colors are either red, yellow, green, blue, or purple. This is an example of ________ encoding. visual When rats had their ________ removed, they no longer experienced their fear memory. amygdala Which idea says that if you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information? levels of processing theory Who developed the idea that short-term memories get "filed away" in three different areas of the brain: a visuo-spatial area, a phonological loop for auditory memories, and an episodic buffer for multi-modal memories with storylines? Baddeley and Hitch The recall of false autobiographical memories is known as false memory syndrome Cillian can remember a great deal of numbers because he groups them all in sets of 3 and thinks of them as batting averages. He is using the technique of ________. chunking When a memory fades over time, it is called transience Martha needs 3 eggs from the store, so she thinks of a shoe filled with 3 eggs. This is an example the ________ technique. peg-word Thinking about the meaning of a word and categorizing it into the context of other words you already know is an example of ________ encoding. semantic Caroline met a new friend named Wendy. Wendy was wearing a green shirt, which reminded Caroline of Peter Pan, so Caroline plans to remember Peter Pan when she thinks about her new friend's name. This is an example of a mnemonic device. When questioning a victim about the perpetrator of a crime, the police should be intentionally vague and provide opportunities for the victim to offer information. Shaquallah suffered a head injury in a soccer game and can remember everything from her past, but can no longer make new memories. What type of amnesia does she have? anterograde An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event, such as 9/11, is a ________. flashbulb memory Samantha needs to remember a string of numbers, and does so by associating each set of numbers with the jersey numbers worn by her favorite football players. This is an example of ________ encoding. semantic Memory aids that help us organize information for encoding are called mnemonic devices. Confusing the source of information is called misattribution The "I knew it all along" phenomenon is known as hind-sight bias ________ interference occurs when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information, while ________ interference happens when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information. proactive; retroactive Malik is memorizing some lines for his school play and struggles with, "Tut, I have lost myself; I am not here; This is not Romeo, he's some other where." To practice, he writes it out emphasizing words with capital letters: "Tut, I have lost myself; I AM NOT HERE; This is not Romeo, he's some OTHER WHERE." He is utilizing principles of ________ encoding. visual Long-term memories you have to consciously think about are explicit memories The fact that Elon can remember more words on his German test while taking the exam inside his classroom (instead of the testing center) can be explained by the encoding specificity principle. If your memory of the home run you hit in the softball game becomes exaggerated to enhance your own performance, then you have fallen prey to a common memory tendency to distort your memories to fit your feelings about the world. This is called bias In the movie "50 First Dates," the main character wakes up each day not remembering the day before or having met her new boyfriend. She suffers from ________ amnesia. anterograde Derek's email log-in forced him to create a new password, but now when he logs on, he only remembers his old password. This is an example of ________ interference. proactive Demarcus suffered a concussion in his first lacrosse match, causing him to forget everything that happened prior to the match. He has ________ amnesia. retrograde Bryson remembers nothing before his concussion happened, meaning he has ________ amnesia. If he were unable to learn new things, he would have ________ amnesia. retrograde; anterograde Before a memory makes it to long-term memory, it must first pass through ________ and short-term memory. sensory Episodic memories and semantic memories are both examples of ________ memory. explicit What are the three types of encoding? semantic, acoustic, and visual The processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over time is known as memory Memory of brief events, like the smell of french fries you pass on the way to the corner store, are stored in ________ memory. sensory When the source of a memory is confused, like you think the storyline of a t.v. show you watched actually happened to you in real life, it is called misattribution Students were asked about the speed of cars involved in an accident. When the verb was changed from "contacted" to "smashed", ________. participants estimated the speed of the vehicle involved in the crash to be higher. When H.M. had his hippocampus removed, he was unable to form new semantic memories. Zahara asks Blake how many times he ate pizza in the last week, and he's quickly able to respond with "twice." This is an example of automatic processing Doug cannot find his keys, but cannot remember where. This is an example of absentmindedness If co-witnesses of a crime are permitted to talk to each other, they are prone to contaminate each other's memories. This is an example of the misinformation effect Which type of memory is tested on a multiple choice test? recognition Arianna was an accomplished gymnast in her youth but hasn't been to the gym for nearly 10 years. Despite this, with some prompting from her old coach, she's able to do almost her entire uneven bar routine. This is an example of procedural memory