PSYC101 / PSYC 101 Module 7 – General Psychology (Latest 2026/2027 Update) | Verified Questions & Correct Answers | Grade A | Portage Learning

PSYC101 / PSYC 101 Module 7 – General Psychology (Latest 2026/2027 Update) | Verified Questions & Correct Answers | Grade A | Portage Learning 2026 / 2027 Academic Year Q: What is memory? A. The ability to retain knowledge B. The ability to pay attention during an event C. The ability to learn from environmental stimuli D. The transformation of information from one form to another A. The ability to retain knowledge Q: The three steps of memory are encoding, storage, and _____. A. translation B. cueing C. processing D. retrieval D. retrieval Q: Encoding is the process of acquiring information and _____ it into memory. A. recovering B. transferring C. retrieving D. salvaging B. transferring Q: Like other adaptations, forming memories requires _____. A. knowledge of the process B. energy C. skill D. intelligence B. energy Q: _____ refers to the process of acquiring information and transferring it into memory. A.Storage B. Retrieval C. Information processing D. Encoding D. Encoding Q: Two of the most common causes of retrieval failure are interference and _____. A. sensations B. semantics C. stress D. cues C. stress Q: _____ refers to the process of keeping information in the brain for future reconstruction. A. Encoding B. Storage C. Information processing D. Retrieval B. Storage Q: _____ refers to the process of finding memories or reconstructing the details that make up a memory. A. Storage B. Information processing C. Retrieval D. Encoding C. Retrieval Q: What is the main evolutionary benefit of memory? A. It gives animals the ability to react to each predator as a new experience. B. It provides animals with a way to connect more deeply with one another. C. It allows animals to communicate better. D. It allows animals to use information from the past to respond quickly to immediate challenges. D. It allows animals to use information from the past to respond quickly to immediate challenges. Q: Memory's benefits to survival are shown in the fact that nearly all animals are able to form memories despite ____. A. the high energy costs B. their inability to recall the memories easily C. the social pressure against it D. the time it takes to form the memories A. the high energy costs Q: According to the Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory, information flows through three stages. What is the correct flow of information in this model? A. Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory B. Sensory input, short-term memory, and long-term rehearsal C. Sensory memory, short-term rehearsal, and long-term memory D. Short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory A. Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory Q: ____ codes are used to process touch and other body senses. A. Acoustic B. Haptic C. Echoic D. Visual B. Haptic Q: The ability to remember seven numbers plus or minus two was first identified by psychologist ____. A. Richard Atkinson B. George Sperling C. George Miller D. Alan Baddeley C. George Miller Q: Which of the following is an adaptation of the short-term memory model that involves the active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously? A. Declarative memory B. Restorative memory C. Working memory D. Autobiographical memory C. Working memory Q: _____ rehearsal is simple repetition of the material. A. Introspective B. Maintenance C. Elaborative D. Functional B. Maintenance Q: Superior recall for the first items on a list is known as the ____. A. primacy effect B. nondeclarative effect C. declarative effect D. recency effect A. primacy effect Q: The first stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model involves the retention of large amounts of incoming data for very brief amounts of time. This is called ____. A. short-term memory B. sensory memory C. explicit memory D. declarative memory B. sensory memory Q: The ability to remember seven numbers plus or minus two refers to the ____. A. capacity of semantic memory B. duration of semantic memory C. duration of short-term memory D. capacity of short-term memory D. capacity of short-term memory Q: Carlos asks Laura to write down her phone number and e-mail address. He promptly loses the slip of paper. However, he finds that he stills remembers them both. This is possible because ____. A. working memory processes information as visuospatial memories B. of the nature of rehearsal within working memory C. working memory can manage more than one type of information at a time D. of the passive nature of storage involved with working memory C. working memory can manage more than one type of information at a time Q: Long-term memory is characterized by ____. A. limited duration and unlimited capacity B. limited duration and limited capacity C. unlimited duration and limited capacity D. unlimited duration and unlimited capacity D. unlimited duration and unlimited capacity Q: In most cases, information moves from short-term or working memory to long-term memory through ____. A. mnemonics B. the method of loci C. chunking D. rehearsal D. rehearsal Q: A graph of the serial position effect, where the likelihood that an item will be recalled is plotted as a function of the item's position in a list during presentation, takes the shape of a ____. A. line that begins at a high level and slopes downward to the right B. U-shaped curve C. line that begins at a low level and slopes upward to the right D. J-shaped curve B. U-shaped curve Q: Declarative memories are consciously retrieved memories that are easy to verbalize and include ____. A. semantic, episodic, and autobiographical information B. semantic, procedural, and autobiographical memories C. explicit and implicit memories D. nondeclarative and implicit aspects A. semantic, episodic, and autobiographical information Q: ____ memory is organized like a timeline. A. Episodic B. Semantic C. Classical D. Nondeclarative A. Episodic Q: Priming is a change in a response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a ____. A. stimulus below the objective threshold B. subliminal message C. stimulus above the subjective threshold D. previous stimulus D. previous stimulus Q: Scientists have discovered correlations between activity in parts of the human brain and specific components of long-term memory through the observation of ____. A. patients with brain damage and brain-imaging studies in healthy participants B. infants C. pigeons and rats, both of whom were born with only half of their cerebral cortex D. taxicab drivers in London, Chicago, and New York A. patients with brain damage and brain-imaging studies in healthy participants Q: Within the category of declarative memories, far more is known about _______ organization than other types of organization. A. episodic B. procedural C. explicit D. semantic D. semantic Q: A cue is ____. A. any stimulus that helps you access target information B. a memory aid that links new information to well-known information C. the transformation of information from one form to another D. the process of grouping similar or meaningful information together A. any stimulus that helps you access target information Q: A declarative memory that is accessed in a conscious, direct, and effortful manner is also called ____. A. an explicit memory B. a personal history memory C. an implicit memory D. a procedural memory A. an explicit memory Q: Professor Sevilla asks one of his graduate students, Leland, to finish his class lecture on memory. Leland begins by explaining that nondeclarative memories (1) are unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memories; (2) are easy to verbalize; (3) include memories for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming; and (4) are also known as implicit memories. Which part of his definition is inaccurate? A. Nondeclarative memories are unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved. B. Nondeclarative memories include memories for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming. C. Nondeclarative memories are easy to verbalize. D. Nondeclarative memories are also known as implicit memories. C. Nondeclarative memories are easy to verbalize. Q: Alex is starting his day. Which of the following represents a procedural memory? A. He reminds himself to pack a lunch for work. B. He brushes his teeth. C. He forgets his keys. D. He grimaces at the sound of the alarm clock. B. He brushes his teeth. Q: The hippocampus ____. A. serves as a storage location for long-term memories B. participates in the consolidation of information into long-term memory C. is unrelated to the formation of spatial memories D. plays a role in procedural memory B. participates in the consolidation of information into long-term memory Q: What theory views the mind as an interconnected network made up of simpler units? A. Constructivist theory B. Connectionist theory C. Correlational theory D. Computational theory B. Connectionist theory Q: Recognition tasks are easier than recall tasks because ____. A. they provide fewer cues B. they are based on personal experience C. they provide more cues D. they provide widely accepted cues C. they provide more cues Q: Marietta has memorized the capital cities of all 50 states. This is an example of ____ memory. A. episodic B. autobiographical C. procedural D. semantic D. semantic An implicit memory for how to carry out a motor skill or action is called ____. A. eidetic memory B. retrograde memory C. declarative memory D. procedural memory D. procedural memory Procedural memories are easy to describe in words. A. true B. false B. false Episodic memories are affected by damage to the ____. A. amygdala B. prefrontal cortex C. visual cortex D. basal ganglia B. prefrontal cortex The spreading activation model proposes that people organize general knowledge based on ____. A. existing cultural norms B. predetermined hierarchies C. semantic similarities D. their personal experiences D. their personal experiences Roger is preparing for his final exam in bioethics. In terms of memory retrieval, the most difficult type of exam question will most likely be ____. A. matching B. multiple choice C. essay D. true-false C. essay The reduction in the ability to retrieve rarely used information over time is called ____. A. decay B. forgetting C. interference D. motivated forgetting A. decay Mr. Langley's former high school Latin students are holding a 25-year reunion. He surprises them with a vocabulary game show quiz. His students most likely ____. A. have retained much of the vocabulary they knew in high school B. remembered about 35% of the vocabulary C. have forgotten much of what they knew due to the passage of time D. found that they could not remember a thing A. have retained much of the vocabulary they knew in high school Which of the following is the best description of interference? A. The reduction in the ability to retrieve rarely used information over time B. A failure to retrieve negative or traumatic memories C. Competition between newer and older information in memory D. A decrease in the ability to remember a previously formed memory C. Competition between newer and older information in memory Who was part of a team that demonstrated persistent changes in the strength of synapses responsible for several types of learning in sea slugs? A. Henry Molaison B. Frederic Bartlett C. Eric Kandel D. Elizabeth Loftus C. Eric Kandel Research has shown that _____ plays an important role in the consolidation of memories. A. lack of interference B. sleep C. age D. intelligence B. sleep Which of these statements about long term memory is NOT true? A. Older people are less able to add new information to their long-term memories than younger people are. B. Thinking about the meaning of a word helps you remember better than thinking about how a word looks visually (e.g., size, font). C. Telling someone else about an experience strengthens your ability to recall the experience later. D. There is no limit to how much long-term memory we have. A. Older people are less able to add new information to their long-term memories than younger people are. fMRIs have shown that prefrontal areas of the brain appear to actively ____ memories that are used less frequently. A. suppress B. encode C. adapt to D. retrieve A. suppress Kevin is legally required to send a quarterly check to his former wife, whom he divorced 20 years ago. It annoys him greatly, and he finds that he often forgets until several days after the due date. This is likely an example of ____. A. motivated forgetting B. retroactive interference C. repressed memory D. suppressed memory A. motivated forgetting The effect of our motivations on our retrieval of memories ____. A. is primarily one of mild distortion, like a ripple in a pond B. has not been substantiated by research studies C. can exist but is unlikely to affect current attitudes or actions D. can lead to distortion so that the original information is hardly recognizable D. can lead to distortion so that the original information is hardly recognizable Learning changes neural structure in that neurons have _____ axon terminals following sensitization. A. simpler B. charged C. habituated D. larger numbers of D. larger numbers of Most types of memories appear stronger after _____. A. eating B. hearing classical music C. sleep D. sex C. sleep Aaron is studying for his sensation and perception exam by explaining terms and concepts to his friend Catherine in his own words and providing self-referential examples. This is called ____. A. recitation B. mnemonics C. the method of loci D. distributive practice A. recitation A classic method of measuring the retention of material in long-term memory over time is to ____. A. test and retest regarding the same material at regular intervals B. conduct MRI scans of the brain at annual or biennial intervals C. compare the rate of learning material the first time to the rate of learning the same material a second time D. measure levels of cortisol, noradrenaline, and other hormones C. compare the rate of learning material the first time to the rate of learning the same material a second time _____ is a confusion between imagined and true memories. A. Confabulation B. Recitation C. Habituation D. Repression A. Confabulation _____ enhances communication between two neurons. A. Synchronous activation B. Biochemistry C. Long-term potentiation D. Short-term potentiation C. Long-term potentiation It is thought that sleep-related processing helps to reorganize existing memories to accommodate new information. A. true B. false A. true Students who pull all-nighters tend to perform _____ on tests the next day. A. expertly B. quickly C. better than if they had gotten sleep D. poorly D. poorly Memory aids that link new information to well-known information are called ____. A. mnemonics B. elaborative rehearsals C. chunks D. recitations A. mnemonics Robert is in an argument with his friend. He is about to say something mean but realizes that this will hurt his friend's feelings. Robert decides not to say anything nasty. This moment of insight could be thought of as conscious awareness In this stage of sleep, the individual is just entering sleep and the EEG closely resembles that of a person who is awake stage 1 LSD, PCP, and marijuana are considered to be what form of psychoactive substance? hallucinogen REM sleep is associated with which feature of sleep? . dreaming Which of the following is the best definition of hypnosis? A form of relaxation in which focus is diminished and suggestibility is increased. Which is the best definition of mindfulness? a state of heightened conscious awareness Which of the following is a cost of low awareness? It is associated with higher rates of forgetting. Drinking alcohol before going to sleep at night can lead to? falling asleep earlier than usual, and then waking up more frequently later in the night. Which of the following is the best definition of priming? recent exposure to a stimuli increases accessibility to the traits associated with that stimul If a person was in an accident in which she suffered mild brain damage to her visual cortex, but still received visual signals through V5 activation, she might suffer from "cortical blindness." Her symptoms could include being able to see but not having any conscious awareness of sight Which of the following best explains the concept of "levels of awareness" in respect to consciousness? Awareness is a continuum that includes both high and low awareness. Stimulants are drugs that: have an arousal effect on the central nervous system, causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension. Research suggests that sleep functions include: Physical and brain development, improved performance on tasks, and strengthening memories Drugs such as alcohol and barbiturates belong to the class depressants. Although, you may think that if you pay close attention to a bright spot, you must be aware of it. But that is not always correct. In the phenomenon, _______, bright discs completely vanish from your awareness in full attention. motion-induced blindness Alcohol exerts its effects on the body by: increasing the inhibitory effect of GABA. Brain waves become slower and develop into delta waves during: stage 3 sleep When people are deprived of REM sleep, they show which of the following behaviors when they can rest without disturbance? more REM sleep than normal Darcey is in a relaxed state with decreased self-consciousness. In this state she is open to suggestion. Which state is Darcey in? hypnosis Drinking multiple cups of coffee within four hours of going to sleep will lead to: more time in light sleep and less time in deep sleep Which of the following is NOT an example of low awareness? A) Sleep B) Daydreaming C) Studying D)Brushing your teeth A) Studying If your friend used the phrase "red hat" in a sentence and then, several minutes later, you noticed someone wearing a red hat you might reasonably conclude that this is an example of: perceptual priming Which of the following best describes the Flexible Correction Model? the way a person can use high awareness to change opinions formed in low awareness conditions Which of the following is an example of "dissociation"? a. getting a divorce b. daydreaming while driving c. sleeping d. changing your opinion on a political topic b. daydreaming while driving Which of the following is the best characterization of consciousness? Conscious thought is an awareness of experience. If Janet were to fly from Toronto to London, she might have difficulty adjusting to the new time. This is likely because _______. her circadian rhythms are adjusted to the time in Toronto Change blindness, inattentional blindness, and cocktail party effect all illustrate _____ attention. selective In one study cited in the textbook, participants counted passes while watching a video of a basketball game (Neisser, 1979). The researchers recorded whether participants noticed a woman walk across the screen with an umbrella. This study was intended MOST specifically to demonstrate: inattentional blindness. Marcie is driving Adam to the airport. Adam is telling Marcie about some financial difficulties he is having. Periodically, he asks Marcie for her opinion. According to the textbook, attending to the conversation may decrease activity in the areas of Marcie's brain critical for safe driving by nearly _____ percent. 40 Cleve intently watched the live tennis match and did not realize that a bird had landed on the empty seat next to him. His inability to notice the bird can be explained by inattentional: blindness While reading a friend's status update on a social networking site, Cory ignores the scrolling newsfeed and the changing advertisements on the right-hand side of the screen. Cory is demonstrating: selective attention. Gerri ignores the sound of the television to focus on a telephone conversation. Gerri's experience BEST illustrates: selective attention. Which scenario is MOST relevant to the field of cognitive neuroscience? A researcher can tell that Julie is looking at a telephone based on cortical activation patterns. Consciousness is considered an important topic of study by _____ perspective, _____ perspective. Which state of consciousness is physiologically induced? hallucinations A car driver's ability to navigate a familiar route while carrying on an animated conversation with passengers BEST illustrates the importance of _____ processing. dual Karly intently watched the live tennis match and did not realize that a bird had landed on the adjacent empty seat next to her. Her inability to notice the bird can be explained by: inattentional blindness. A woman is at a large event with lots of music and conversations going on simultaneously. While talking to a friend about his latest romantic breakup, she hears her name spoken from the other side of the room. She immediately looks in the direction of the voice and sees the person who spoke her name. This ability to detect one's name being spoken in this situation is an example of: the cocktail party effect. During commencement, a parent sat waiting for her child's name to be called. She failed to realize that the person initially reading off the graduates' names left and that a new person was now reading. This scenario illustrates: change blindness. What is consciousness? Awareness of ourselves and our environment What are the contents and functions of consciousness? perceiving the environment, social communication, controlling action, allows us to think about events/issues of the past Describe the three levels of consciousness. Unconscious: perceptual and cognitive operations occur when not conscious conscious: mental contents can be experimentally conscious without being reflected upon meta-conscious: the content of ones own conscious distinguish between "fast forward sweeps" and "recurrent processing", which one is associated with consciousness? fast forward sweeps: signals of unconscious processing recurrent processing: signals conscious processing of information, recurrent processing is associated to consciousness What is mind-wandering and its potential effects? an attentional switch from external stimuli to internal content, consequences are poorer reading comprehension, depressed mood, low scores on cognitive tests, higher incidents of ADHD what does association decoupling mean? no longer processing information from the outside world What is attention? a concentration or focusing of mental activity what are the four types of tasks used to study attention? vigilance:a persons ability to pay attention while they detect a target stimulus search: the finding the performance declines after a half hour selective attention: actively identifying targets among distractors divided attention: attention that allows us to process different information sources What does guided search theory predict about the cognitive processes underlying search performance? guided search theory states that a two step process is taken first parallel attention and then serial evaluation distinguish between serial vs. parallel processing of information. parallel processing: your brain takes care of routine business serial: problem solving, focused attention on one thing What is the cocktail party phenomenon? Ability to attend to one message and ignore other messages What is inattentional blindness? failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere What is change blindness? failing to notice changes in the environment controlled vs automatic processing controlled: processes take a lot of brain power and brain function automatic: processes take few brain functions and require less brain power Learn More You can also click on terms or definitions to blur or reveal them Sensory adaptation to a stimulus is said to occur when: sensory neurons decrease their response to a constant stimulus. Michael and Sybil were walking one night when they heard a car backfire loudly. Michael was convinced the sound came from directly in front of them, and Sybil was convinced the sound came from directly behind them. One reason they might have difficulty localizing the sound is the sound waves would have arrived at both ears at the same instant Eun-Jin went on a hike in northern BC. She hears a faint crackling sound behind her, and when she turns around she catches a blur of movement in the bushes behind her. This is an example of: signal detection All of the following are examples of monocular cues for depth perception except: linear perspective texture, haze, interposition, relative size, accommodation NOT LIGHT AND SHADOW The statement, "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" comes from which field of psychology? Gestalt psychology The superhero "NightHawk" has excellent night vision but poor vision in the daytime. NightHawk's ability is most likely due to an unusually large number of _______: rods Frequency determines the _____________ of a sound, while amplitude determines the _____________ of a sound. pitch; loudness Odorants bind with olfactory receptors in the ______________. cell membranes NOT DIRECT ANSERE According to one theory of color vision, colors are signaled in pairs by neurons that fire faster to one color and slower to another color. This theory is known as the opponent process theory Which of the following is an advantage of binocular vision? the ability to estimate the distance of nearby objects In the eye, ________ are the colour receptors and function best in bright illumination. cons Many subjects watching a video of basketball players and asked to count the number of passes failed to notice a person in a gorilla suit walking through the players. This is an example of inattentional blindness In general, we extract four kinds of meaning or 'codes' from each external stimulus: modality, quantity, location and duration (adaptation) As the large butterfly flew toward Richard, he could tell it was getting closer because he could feel his eyes turning inward toward his nose as he watched it. In this instance, Richard was able to judge how far away the butterfly was using the depth cue of convergence The process by which an external stimulus is converted into a signal in the nervous system is specifically called: transduction. When Siobhan witnesses a car accident, she processes the visual stimuli (the sight of it) and the auditory stimuli (sound of it) from the event. These combine to create her perception and this is an example of _____________. transduction ? Synesthesia ? The sense of smell is sometimes referred to as a "chemical sense" because __________. Chemical Senses: Taste (gustation) and Smell (olfaction) As you are reading this question, feature detectors in your visual system are analyzing the various stimulus components and recombining them into your perception of letters and words. This is an example of ___________ processing. bottom-up When a stimulus is so small that the sensory receptors can transduce it, yet there is no conscious awareness of the stimulus, it is called a: subliminal stimulus. The blind spot in the eye is where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye When you move your head in one direction, your eyes reflexively move in the opposite direction to compensate, allowing you to maintain your gaze on the object that you are looking at. This reflex is called the ___________. vestibule-ocular reflex Studies of people from a wide range of cultures shows that which of the following is true with regards to the perception of color? people from different cultures often perceive shades and categories of colors differently Sia perceives that her mother is further away from her than the family car, as the car is occluding her mother. Which depth cue is Sia using? interposition The initial stages of dark adaptation (e.g., the first 5 minutes) is a mechanism of the _____________, while the second or later part of the darkness adaptation curve (e.g., after 5 minutes) is determined specifically by the functioning of the _____________. cones; rods As your eyes focus on an object that is close to you, muscles turn your eyes inward, producing feedback. This feedback produces the binocular depth cue called: convergence. Cones are photoreceptors that operate in lighted environments and can encode fine visual details. These photoreceptors are located where in the retina? the central region of the fovea The lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected 50 percent of the time is the: absolute threshold. Information regarding the time differences and intensity differences of arriving sounds is most important in: sound localization. People with 'normal' colour vision are referred to as: trichromats. The best description of the current understanding of how color is coded in the visual system would be that color coding begins with the trichromatic process and then switches to an opponent process, and then uses retinex theory for the final step The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on top-down processing If you stare at the image of the Canadian flag, below, and then see the negative color after effect this supports: the opponent-process theory Many of the brain's computations for perception occur in specialized brain areas. For example, the ___________ area identifies locations and scenes. parahippocampal place Two senses whose receptors respond to chemical molecules rather than energy are: gustation and olfaction. Vision is based, in part, on contrasts. Neurons in the visual system exaggerate contrast to make it more recognizable by suppressing the response of nearby neurons. This process is known as: lateral inhibition Photoreceptors are located in the: retina. When you move your head in one direction, your eyes reflexively move in the opposite direction to compensate, allowing you to maintain your gaze on the object that you are looking at. This reflex is called the ___________. vestibule-ocular reflex Christina was skiing down an intermediate run when the run broke into two separate trails and she wasn't sure which way to go. One trail turned off at a 90-degree angle and the other trail appeared to continue in the same general direction she had been headed. If Christina takes the second trail her actions would be consistent with the Gestalt principle of: good continuity Light enters the eye and is converted into electrical signals in the retina. This process is called ______________. Transduction The superhero "NightHawk" has excellent night vision but poor vision in the daytime. NightHawk's ability is most likely due to an unusually large number of _______: rods Where are sound vibrations turned into neural signals for processing in the brain? NOT middle ear The fact that cones are sensitive to either the colour red, green or blue 'light' supports: the trichromatic theory of colour vision Sensation is to ___________ as perception is to ___________ Bottom Up Processing / Top Down Processing Charlie works for a moving company. They can easily tell the difference in weight between two small boxes but cannot detect any difference at all between the weight of the washing machine and the weight of the dryer. This is an example of ____________ Weber's Law Michael and Sybil were walking one night when they heard a car backfire loudly. Michael was convinced the sound came from directly in front of them, and Sybil was convinced the sound came from directly behind them. One reason they might have difficulty localizing the sound is the sound waves would have arrived at both ears at the same instant Which of the following is most accurate regarding research on the effectiveness of subliminal self-improvement tapes? These tapes produce the perception of changes in behaviour, but this appears to be either due to general expectation or to placebo effects. The Tapes'R'Us factory had a production problem last month and all the subliminal tapes they produced were accidentally shipped with the wrong labels. The tapes to promote happiness were labelled "Becoming a more assertive person," and the assertiveness tapes were labelled "Becoming a happier person." Based on the results reported on the use of subliminal self-help tapes, you should predict that people who buy the tapes labelled "Becoming a happier person" will NOT score higher on objective tests on assertiveness, but not on tests of happiness OR score higher on objective tests on happiness, but not on tests of assertiveness The Moon Illusion is a size illusion Many subjects watching a video of basketball players and asked to count the number of passes failed to notice a person in a gorilla suit walking through the players. This is an example of inattentional blindness This figure best illustrates which Gestalt Law? closure The process in which visual information, such as colour, shape, and movement, is simultaneously analyzed is referred to as: NOT transduction. The two physical characteristics of sound waves are: amplitude and frequency. The visual receptors in the retina called ___________ function best in dim lighting and are primarily black-and-white receptors. rods Sound quality can be divided into amplitude, timbre and pitch. Pitch is determined by the __________ of the sound waves. frequency Superman's 'X-Ray vision' ability must mean that he has: NOT a greater number of cones. Which of the following is true regarding our inner "measurements" of sensory stimuli? NOT Although there is a one-to-one correspondence with the physical intensity of the stimulus at lower intensity levels, the correspondence virtually disappears at higher intensity levels. When attempting to locate a constellation in the night sky, Astra notices that she can see the stars better if she doesn't look directly at them. In doing this, the light from the star she wishes to see falls ____________ to the part of the retina that has a higher concentration of ____________, which are better adapted to seeing at night. NOT directly on the fovea; rods The sentence The *eel was on the shoe was used to demonstrate phonemic restoration Focusing on specific stimuli and filtering out others are complementary processes that are central to our understanding of: selective attention. Joan was sitting talking with some friends when she was sure she heard her baby cry out. When she checked, her baby was sleeping peacefully. Based on signal detection theory, the fact that Joan thought she detected a baby's cry would be considered false alarm Gestalt psychologists refer to our tendency to organize incoming stimuli into a central object with a 'backdrop' behind as: figure-ground relations. Although Dougal has the lower portion of his leg amputated he still sometimes feels and uncomfortable itching sensation from where his foot would be. This is an example of a _________. phantom limb sensation. The vestibular system is primarily responsible for ____________ and damage to the system would cause ___________. processing location in space and motion; difficulty with balance You are reading the ads in "International Intruder" as you are waiting in the checkout line at a local grocery store. One of the ads is for subliminal tapes that cost $180. The advertisers claim using the tapes will double your memory capacity in just 14 days. Based on the research that has been conducted into the effectiveness of subliminal messages, you should: NOT put down the magazine and pay for your groceries because you know from your psychology textbook that the actual subliminal technique is simple and inexpensive Of the following, the only sensory system that does not project upward to the cerebral cortex after first synapsing in the thalamus, is olfaction Which of the following was mentioned as an example of a situational factor that influences decision criterion? NOT the person's genetic predisposition About 1 in 200 people experiences a blending of senses such as perceiving a number of letter as a color (e.g. "1" is seen as red). This is called: synesthesia Research using the shadowing technique to study attention has led psychologists to conclude that: people cannot attend to more than one thing at a time, but are able to rapidly shift attention between two stimuli. The area of scientific study that is concerned with people's abilities to detect differences or changes in stimuli is called: Psychophysics Much of our perception of visual stimuli occurs in the occipital lobe. Much of our perception of auditory stimuli occurs in the: temporal lobe Sound quality can be divided into amplitude, timbre and pitch. Pitch is determined by the __________ of the sound waves. frequency Weber's law states that the ____________ threshold is directly proportional to the ____________ of the stimulus with which a comparison is being made. NOT Weber's Law states that the ratio of the increment threshold to the background intensity is a constant All incoming sensory information is relayed to the cortex via the thalamus except olfaction. The movement of a stimulus across the retina is the primary cue utilized in: perceiving motion. Which of the following statements regarding rods and cones is TRUE? There are 20 times as many rods in the eye as there are cones. The transformation of physical energy into a neural code is referred to as: transduction Our ability to localize the source of various sounds is because of : NOT the way that the organ of Corti is connected to the auditory nerve. If you recognize the sound of a guitar as distinct from that made by a violin or piano because of the different complex mix of frequencies they produce, this is an example of: timbre A person's ability to overcome tremendous amounts of pain in certain situations (such as an athlete who plays with a broken foot and does not feel the pain until later) can be explained by the gate-control theory of pain Sensory adaptation can explain all of the following EXCEPT: hearing your name spoken in a noisy roo In a neon sign for a pub, successive blinking on and off of the lights gave the impression of beer filling a glass. This illusion of motion is the phi phenomena Much of our perception of visual stimuli occurs in the occipital lobe. Much of our perception of auditory stimuli occurs in the: temporal lobe Jenny's lips and fingertips are far more sensitive than her shoulders and ankles. This is an example of the way that her cortex is organized in a _______________. somatotopic map The Gestalt principle of ____________ states that when parts of an array of stimuli are perceived as being alike, they will be perceived as belonging together. NOT contuin A brief flash of light in Anita's right visual field would have registered: on the left side of each retina before traveling to the left occipital lobe Kwan is driving to campus and his phone rings. Based on the results of studies on divided attention, should Kwan answer the phone? No, he would experience a negative impact on his driving behavior since he would focus more on the phone call than on traffic signals. As part of a memory test, Yosra was given a list of words that included dog, pail and hate. Later, she recalled these words as log, whale, and late. Yosra's errors in recall suggest that she encoded the original word list phonemically. Which level of processing should result in the longest lasting memory codes? semantic encoding Shantel is studying for her law exam. While she is studying, she is trying to think of as many examples as she can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Shantel is using an efficient study strategy because examples should help her to recall key ideas. Which theory suggests that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes? dual-coding theory David asked his moms Carol and Sheri to get him apples at the grocery store. As not to forget to get apples for their son David, Carol focused her attention on how apples are her favorite fruit, while Sheri imagined a bag of big red apples in the shopping cart. Carol was using ___ and Sheri ___. elaboration; visual imagery When you listen to a lecture, the information is held in ___ memory until you write it in your notes. short-term According to Cowan, the capacity of short-term memory has been ___ because researchers have not controlled for __ by participants. overestimated; covert chunking While at a yard sale, you and your roommate find a great old sofa. As you are trying to decide if it will fit in your dorm room if you rearrange the beds, dressers and desks, you would be using the ___ component of working memory. visuospatial sketchpad As Lamar was walking out the door of his apartment, he quickly ran through a mental list of all the things he was supposed to take with him. He went through the complete list of items four or five times, just to make sure he hadn't forgotten anything. Based on Baddeley's model of working memory, Lamar was utilizing the phonological loop to temporarily hold his list of essential items. When information in long-term memory (LTM) is organized according to a clustering principle, it means that related items tend to be remembered in groups or categories. Juwan was describing the inside of his doctor's office to one of his friends. In his description, he mentioned that there were two diplomas on the wall, even though this doctor does not have any diplomas displayed. Juwan's error in recall illustrates the role of schemas in long-term memory. Which of the following statements concerning schemas is NOT correct? Schemas always result in increasing the accuracy of individual's memory. When you attempt to recall the name of a high school classmate by imagining yourself back in English class with her, you are making use of (choose the BEST answer) context cues. Yoram witnessed an automobile accident and heard one of the bystanders casually mention that the driver was probably intoxicated. Even though the driver had not been drinking and never crossed the center line, when Yoram is interviewed by police a week later, he said that the car had been "weaving all over the road." Yoram's faulty recall illustrates the misinformation effect. Yoram witnessed an automobile accident and heard one of the bystanders casually mention that the driver was probably intoxicated. Even though the driver had not been drinking and never crossed the center line, when Yoram is interviewed by police a week later, he said that the car had been "weaving all over the road." The reason Yoram's memory was faulty was due to... source-monitoring error. A relearning measure requires subjects to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved. Pseudoforgetting is information loss due to ineffective encoding only. ___ occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information. Retroactive interference Interference effects on retention are greatest when the interfering material is similar to the material to be remembered. Ana is 55 years old. When she was 7 years old, she saw her grandfather fall down the stairs after he had a stroke. At the time, she visited him in the hospital every day for the 6 months it took him to recover. Today, Ana has no memory of her grandfather, his stroke, or her visits to him in the hospital. According to Freud, Ana may be using repression to push the memories out of her conscious awareness. Houssem is thrown from his motorcycle and suffers a severe blow to the head, resulting in loss of memory for events that occurred before the accident. This is an example of retrograde amnesia. The profound anterograde amnesia that H.M. experienced after undergoing surgery to control his epilepsy suggests that the hippocampal complex plays a key role in the consolidation of long-term memories. Animal studies show that manipulations that suppress neurogenesis lead to memory impairments on many types of learning tasks. Which two types of memories are both considered to be divisions of declarative memory? semantic and episodic